Tree-ring response of Larix chinensis on regional climate and sea-surface temperature variations in alpine timberline in the Qinling Mountains

Tree-ring width chronologies of Larix chinensis were developed from the northern and southern slopes of the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province,and climatic factors affecting the tree-ring widths of L.chinensis were examined.Correlation analysis showed that similar correlations between tree-ring width chronologies and climatic factors demonstrated that radial growth responded to climate change on both slopes.The radial growth of L.chinensis was mainly limited by temperature,especially the growing season.In contrast,both chronologies were negatively correlated with precipitation in May of the previous year and April of the current year.Spatial climate-correlation analyses with gridded land-surface climate data revealed that our tree-ring width chronologies contained a strong regional temperature signal over much of northcentral and eastern China.Spatial correlation with seasurface temperature fields highlights the influence of the Pacific Ocean,Indian Ocean,and North Atlantic Ocean.Wavelet coherence analysis indicated the existence of some decadal and interannual cycles in the two tree-ring width chronologies.This may suggest the influences of El Nin˜o-Southern Oscillation and solar activity on tree growth in the Qinling Mountains.These findings will help us understand the growth response of L.chinensis to climate change in the Qinling region,and they provide critical information for future climate reconstructions based on this species in semi-humid regions.     

湘西不同植被类型土壤重金属分布及相关性研究

【目的】探讨湘西地区不同植被下土壤环境的状况,揭示土壤富集重金属元素的规律。【方法】以湖南湘西地区针叶林、针阔混交林、阔叶林和灌木林4种森林土壤不同层次(0~15 cm和15~30 cm)的Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn为研究对象,采用单因素分析法和主成分分析法分析重金属分布及相关性。【结果】不同植被下土壤中5种重金属含量的变异系数为0.18%~0.69%,由大到小的排列顺序为Cu>Zn>Ni>Pb>Cd。主成分分析表明Cu和Cd在PC1中有较大的荷载值,在PC2中有中等的荷载值。各因素相关性分析结果显示,灌木林土壤容重与Zn之间存在显著的负相关性,针叶林土壤容重与Cu之间存在显著的正相关性;灌木林土壤有机质与Cd之间有显著的正相关性,针叶林土壤pH值与Ni和Zn之间有显著的正相关性;针阔混交林土壤pH值与Pb、Cu和Ni之间存在显著的正相关性,灌木林土壤重金属含量之间的相关性较显著。【结论】湘西地区不同植被类型土壤重金属含量的垂直分布规律存在差异,表现为针阔混交林的上层土壤中重金属含量均低于下层土壤,常绿阔叶林的上层土壤中重金属含量均高于下层土壤,而针叶林和灌木林土壤中重金属含量无差异性变化;湘西地区土壤容重、有机质、坡度、pH值、土层厚度对Cd含量的影响较大,海拔对Pb、Ni和Cu的影响较大,坡度对Ni的影响较大;湘西地区灌木林中重金属来源相同的可能性相较于其他3种植被类型更大。     

我国脲醛树脂制备技术研究概述

介绍了我国近年来脲醛树脂制备技术和实际应用概况,总结了生产实践中较为实用的树脂制备和改性方法,探讨了脲醛树脂目前存在问题,并指出发展方向。     

外生菌根菌在杨树生产中的研究现状

通过对杨树外生菌根资源情况的介绍,及总结杨树菌根化育苗技术、菌根对杨树矿质营养吸收的影响、菌根对杨树抗逆性的影响等方面的研究现状,提出了外生菌根菌在杨树生产应用中未来研究的主要方向。     

桉树人工林中433MHz信道LoRa信号的传播特性

LoRa技术是最新出现的一种无线通信技术,具有低功耗、距离远、工作在非授权波段等特点,与ZigBee等现在常用的无线通信技术相比,其在人工林无线传感器网中更具潜力。然而由于LoRa的传输受环境影响较大,目前在人工林中传播特性的研究还处于空白。本研究基于Shadowing信号衰减模型,在广西东门林场中测试了433 MHz信道LoRa信号在两种天线高度下(1.5,2.0 m)和3种不同环境下(开阔环境、3 a林龄桉树人工林,5 a林龄桉树人工林)LoRa信号接收强度(RSSI)随距离变化的情况,每种条件下得到了两组数据。首先利用其中一组数据对模型进行拟合,拟合结果表明,LoRa信号传输遵从Shadowing模型,拟合度在0.886~0.982。然后利用另一组数据对模型的精度进行验证,验证结果表明,模型精度较高,模型的精度介于0.780~0.961。最后分析了桉树人工林中影响LoRa信号传输的主要因素。本研究的方法和获得的信号衰减系数可以为桉树人工林无线传感器网络监测中LoRa节点的组网和部署提供依据和参考。     

巨尾桉锯材气干影响因素的研究

为确定较优的巨尾桉锯材气干方案,研究了不同堆积方式（井字形堆积、无隔条纵横交叉堆积、隔条堆积）和气干条件（阴干、露天）的影响,综合考虑锯材的干燥速率、干燥质量缺陷、空间利用率、堆积效率等指标。结果表明,井字形堆积法、露天条件的干燥速率相对较快,隔条堆积、阴干的干燥质量更优。建议企业根据实际需要选择适合的锯材干燥方案。     

筒状固定床花生通风干燥性能指标模拟与分析

为了解筒状固定床花生干燥机理、作业性能,确定合理的结构和通风参数,根据干燥过程花生荚果和介质空气间的热质传递关系,以PDE模型为理论基础,建立了适用于筒状固定床花生通风干燥计算机模拟的离散模型,该模型可计算花生干燥实时状态及批次干燥耗时、不均匀度、生产率、单位质量能耗等干燥指标。经试验验证,模型模拟结果与试验结果基本相符,料层花生平均含水率和温度模拟值和试验值的相关系数r>0.975,模型模拟可用于筒状床花生干燥过程分析。在此基础上,分析了单位面积通风量、筒状固定床外径、内径变化对上述指标的影响。结果表明:受介质空气温度降低和相对湿度增加影响,内层物料干燥起始时间和干燥速率存在一定的滞后性,但单位面积通风量沿通风方向逐渐增大的特性对内层物料的干燥滞后有较好改善;随着单位面积通风量增加,干燥不均匀度明显降低,生产率亦有显著提高,但单位质量能耗增幅较大;筒状床外径增加或内径减小都可增加生产率,降低单位质量干燥能耗,但干燥不均匀问题很难解决。为进一步确定最优的结构和通风参数,采用均匀设计模拟试验和综合加权评分法,得出筒状固定床外径2.75 m,内径0.935 m,外进风面单位面积通风量0.36 m^3/(m^2·s)时干燥效果最优,此时干燥时耗39.2 h、生产率86.55 kg/h、单位质量能耗5.87×10~6 J/kg、干燥不均匀度1.54%。该研究可为筒状固定床干燥设备设计优化提供技术支撑。     

中隔墩长度对斜式轴伸泵装置出水流道水力特性的影响

为研究大型低扬程泵站斜式出水流道水力特性,采用数值模拟方法对某斜20°轴伸泵装置三维湍流流场进行了数值计算,发现斜式出水流道内存在严重的偏流问题,基于4种计算方案的数值模拟结果分析了偏流的成因,在研究了中隔墩长度对斜式出水流道流态和水头损失影响的基础上提出了解决偏流的措施,并得到模型试验的验证。研究结果表明:顺水流方向看,中隔墩长度为14 m时的斜式出水流道内的主流明显偏于左侧,在流道右侧下部存在较大范围的旋涡区;导叶体出口具有较大周向速度分量的水流呈螺旋状进入"S"形弯曲的斜式出水流道,两者相互作用导致斜式出水流道产生偏流;随着中隔墩长度的增加,斜式出水流道左右孔的偏流系数逐渐减小、流道水头损失呈先减小再增大趋势,当中隔墩加长至23.35m时出水流道左右两侧的出流流量达到基本相等;采用长中隔墩斜式出水流道的泵装置模型试验最优工况点效率达到80.56%,泵装置模型试验结果与数值模拟结果一致,取得了预期的纠偏效果,得到有关工程设计院的认可,并应用于工程实际。     

Distribution of water-stable aggregates under soil tillage practices in a black soil hillslope cropland in Northeast China

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Soil aggregates are the basic units of soil structure. Water-stable aggregates (WSAs) are greatly influenced by tillage practices. The main objective of our study...     

Composition of clay minerals and their pedogenetic and taxonomic implications for Stagnic Anthrosols derived from different parent materials in Hunan Province,China

Purpose

The aims of this study were to investigate the composition of clay minerals in soils derived from different parent materials and to elucidate how parent materials and pedogenic environment affect the distribution of clay minerals and reveal the implications for pedogenetics and taxonomy in Stagnic Anthrosols.

Materials and methods

Clay mineralogy and physicochemical properties of the Hydragric horizon of Stagnic Anthrosols derived from granite (GR), plate shale (PS), quaternary red clays (QRC), limestone (LS), purple sandy shale (PSS) and fluvial-lacustrine deposit (FLD) located in Hunan Province of China were analysed to explore the relationships between the conditions influencing the formation of the soil and the composition of clay minerals.

Results and discussion

Results indicated that the composition of clay minerals is closely related to both parent material and type of Stagnic Anthrosols: the soils derived from GR, PS and QRC, which are mostly classified as Fe-accumulic-Stagnic Anthrosols, are dominantly 1:1 type kaolinite and vermiculite and illite/vermiculite mixed layer minerals of widespread distribution. However, soils derived from LS, PSS and FLD were mainly classified as Hapli-Stagnic Anthrosols and are mainly composed of 2:1 type illite/smectite mixed layer minerals, where chlorite is commonly found. Illite is widely distributed and its content varies the least among different parent materials. An extremely significant relationship between pH and kaolinite, chlorite and mixed layer minerals was noted, and the two kinds of mixed layer minerals showed highly significant negative correlation.

Conclusions

This study revealed that the types and quantities of clay minerals in the soil are closely related to the types of parent material. This reflected better direction and degree of development in Stagnic Anthrosols, which is related to the physicochemical properties of parent material and can be used as one of the bases for the classification of soil groups and subgroups within the soil family for Stagnic Anthrosols in Chinese Soil Taxonomy.