覆砂对土壤入渗、蒸发和盐分迁移的影响

探讨覆砂厚度对土壤水分入渗、蒸发、盐分迁移的影响,对新疆干旱区农田抑盐、保水及合理的覆砂制度制定具有重要意义。本文采用定水头法入渗和模拟稳定蒸发条件,研究覆砂厚度对土壤水分入渗、蒸发过程以及盐分迁移的影响。以覆砂厚度为影响因子,在土壤表层设置4个厚度,分别是0(对照)、1.7、3.6、5.7 cm。研究结果表明:(1)覆砂抑制了土壤水分净入渗能力,这一抑制作用随着覆砂厚度增加而减弱;(2)覆砂可以显著抑制土壤蒸发,随着覆砂厚度的增加抑制力增大。在20天蒸发过程中,覆砂处理蒸发呈稳定态势,且累积蒸发量符合线性方程,而对照符合Rose经验公式;(3)覆砂可以改变土壤盐分在剖面中的运移,尤其减弱了盐分的表聚。总之,覆砂显著地抑制了土壤蒸发和盐分表聚,即在覆砂厚1.7 cm上就可达显著效果,但对土壤的净入渗能力具有抑制作用。     

Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide improves age-related oxidative stress and immune impairment in mice

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether oxidative stress and immune dysfunction could be attenuated by Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1) in d-galactose (d-gal)-induced aging mice, and provide evidence for its effects. The results showed that PSG-1 significantly decreased lipid peroxidation in liver, brain, and spleen, but concomitantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase compared with the d-gal group. Elevation of glutathione contents and attenuation of glutathione disulfide contents were also found in PSG-1-treated animals. Furthermore, the results showed that PSG-1 treatment increased basal lymphocyte proliferation as well as T cell and B cell proliferation and enhanced interleukin-2 production. Taken together, the results suggested that PSG-1 had potential as a novel agent to promote health and improve aging-associated pathologies, at least in part, via modification of the redox system and improvement of immune function.     

耕作方式、播深及覆土对机播套作小麦麦苗素质的影响

为了探索提高丘区套作小麦机播质量的农艺措施,本试验分别在翻耕和免耕条件下,设置了播深（2,5,8 cm）、覆土（不覆土为对照）处理对麦苗素质的影响。结果表明,3种措施中播深对麦苗素质影响最大,5 cm播深利于培育壮苗,播深2 cm时表现为出苗率、基本苗,根系活力、干物质质量及叶面积显著下降,而播深8 cm时地中茎极显著增长导致出苗率下降,单株茎蘖数、最高苗、干物质质量及叶面积极显著降低;翻耕条件下分蘖节埋得较深,促进了植株分蘖,但地中茎加长,出苗率变低;免耕条件下植株生长量大,株高和绿叶面积增大;覆土处理单株茎蘖数、最高苗及根系活力显著提高,幼苗素质较不覆土高。因此,丘区套作小麦机播配套的农艺措施应选择“免耕+播深5 cm+覆土”利于提高麦苗素质。     

Identification of new strawberry sulfur volatiles and changes during maturation

Two Florida strawberry cultivars, 'Strawberry Festival' and 'Florida Radiance', were harvested at five fruit developmental stages (white, half red, three-quarter red, full ripe, and overripe) at four harvest dates. A static headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) sampling technique coupled with gas chromatography (GC) using pulsed flame photometric detection (PFPD) was employed to measure 16 sulfur volatiles in these strawberries. A total of 7 sulfur volatiles have been previously reported, and 9 are reported for the first time in strawberries. Newly identified sulfur volatiles include methyl thiopropionate, ethyl thiobutanoate, methyl thiohexanoate, methyl (methylthio)acetate, ethyl (methylthio)acetate, methyl 2-(methylthio)butyrate, methyl 3-(methylthio)propionate, ethyl 3-(methylthio)propionate, and methyl thiooctanoate. Identifications were based on matching sulfur peak linear retention indexes (LRIs) of unknowns with authentic standards and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) data. Concentrations were determined using both internal and external standards. Most sulfur volatiles increased with increasing maturity, with only concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and methanethiol remaining relatively consistent at all five stages. At the white and half red stages, most sulfur volatiles consisted of various alkyl sulfides. At three-quarter red (commercial ripe), full ripe, and overripe stages, the majority of sulfur volatiles consisted of sulfur esters. Most sulfur volatiles increased dramatically between the commercial ripe, full ripe, and overripe stages, increasing as much as 100% between full ripe and overripe. Principal component analysis indicated that sulfur volatiles could be used to distinguish overripe from full ripe and commercial ripe berries.     

Influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitory activity of phlorotannins from the edible brown alga Ecklonia cava

Influenza A virus infections continue to pose a major threat to humans and several animal species. Neuraminidase (NA) is one of the most promising targets for the development of drugs against influenza viruses because of its critical role in the viral life cycle. During the course of a search for NA inhibitors from edible natural sources, we found that the ethyl acetate layer of ethanol extracts of Ecklonia cava showed extremely high NA-inhibitory activity (72.1% inhibition at 30 μg/mL). Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the ethyl acetate layer yielded five phlorotannins, identified as phloroglucinol (1), eckol (2), 7-phloroeckol (3), phlorofucofuroeckol (4), and dieckol (5). The inhibitory activities of these compounds (1-5) against NAs from group-1 (A/Bervig_Mission/1/18 [H1N1], A/PR/8/34 [H1N1]) and group-2 (A/Hong Kong/8/68 [H3N2], A/Chicken/Korea/MS96/96 [H9N2]) influenza A were evaluated to determine potencies and kinetic behavior. Analyses using various in vitro influenza A virus NA assays showed that all five phlorotannin derivatives were selective NA inhibitors. Of the phlorotannins, phlorofucofuroeckol (4) exhibited the most potent inhibitory activities toward group-1 NAs (IC?? values, 4.5 and 14.7 μM), whereas dieckol (5) potently inhibited group-2 NAs. Kinetic analyses indicated that compounds 1-5 were all noncompetitive. Notably, these noncompetitive inhibitors synergized with oseltamivir to enhance the NA-inhibitory effects of oseltamivir.     

人参床土的土壤结构及持水性能

人参生长的土壤理化环境决定人参的产量,良好的土壤结构能防止土壤侵蚀.试验研究了人参床土的土壤结构及持水性能,分析了老参地土壤物理性状恶化的原因,测定了人参床土颗粒组成、中千团粒、湿团粒、水稳性团聚体、微团聚体占干土重的百分含量及结构破坏率.结果表明:人参床土以物理性砂粒(>0.01 mm)为主,约占49%～63%,质地属于砂壤土.人参床土中>1 mm干团粒、0.5～2 mm水稳性团聚体、>0.01 mm微团聚体与产量具有显著的相关性.床土的总孔隙度为55.78%～72.69%,总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度对产量影响很大.床土土壤容重、液相比例与产量之间达到了极显著的相关,土壤容重在0.85 g/cm3左右时为最佳值,液相比例达到30%左右时为最佳值.明确了人参床土的持水特征.     

广西本地水牛垂体的形态学与组织学观察

本研究采用HE染色和Masson特殊染色方法对广西本地水牛垂体的形态学和组织学结构特征进行了观察分析,结果表明:广西本地水牛垂体呈卵圆形,重约1.19g,大小约为1.43cm×1.07cm×0.74cm。广西本地水牛的神经部在正中矢状面所占比例约为10%～15%。嗜酸性细胞、嗜碱性细胞的比例分别为42%和9.3%;母牛的嗜酸性细胞比例比公牛的高。观察结果揭示广西本地水牛垂体的结构与形态特征与其长期繁衍进化所处生态环境变化相适应,并与其生长、生产规律相一致。这些结果将为改良广西本地水牛提供形态学和组织学的理论依据。     

基于卷积神经网络的花生籽粒完整性识别算法及应用

针对现有色选设备在花生颗粒筛选过程中处理速度慢、准确率低的缺点,提出基于卷积神经网络的花生籽粒完整性识别算法。以完好花生、表皮破损花生和果仁破损花生的分类为例,构建花生图像库;搭造卷积神经网络,提取花生图像特征;为提高分类准确率和实时性,从训练集构成、减小过拟合、加快训练收敛速度、简化网络结构等几方面对卷积神经网络进行优化;最终利用含2个卷积层、2个池化层、2个全连接层的3层神经网络实现了上述3类花生的分类。试验结果表明：该方法对花生分类的准确率达到98.18%,平均检测一幅单粒花生图像的时间为18 ms,与现有色选设备相比有效提高了色选设备筛选的准确率和实时性。     

甜瓜贴接嫁接机切削装置工作参数优化与试验

为提高嫁接成活率并解决用工短缺的问题,全自动嫁接机的研发已成为当前热点。该文设计了甜瓜贴接嫁接机的关键部件嫁接苗切削装置,并采用试验方法对该装置的最佳工作参数进行了优化试验。论文在研制出切削装置样机的基础上,以典型的甜瓜嫁接苗为研究对象,选取切削角度、切削半径和切削高度作为试验因素,以砧穗嫁接贴合百分比为试验指标,进行嫁接苗切削装置作业性能的单因素和二次回归正交试验,确定了该装置的最优工作参数,并进行了试验验证。试验结果表明,嫁接苗切削装置的工作参数为切削角度-9°、切削半径39 mm、切削高度30 mm时切削装置切削效果最好,砧穗嫁接贴合百分比为98.2%,可以保证较高的嫁接成活率。切削装置可以成功地完成甜瓜嫁接苗的切削,满足设计要求。该研究为蔬菜全自动嫁接机的研制与开发提供了参考。     

鸡痘病毒载体复制非必需片段优化及强启动子的筛选

以痘苗病毒启动子Ｐ７．５调控的β－半乳糖苷酶基因为检测基因,分别插入三个复制非必需片段构成重组质粒,脂本介导转染鸡痘病毒中国疫苗株２８２Ｅ４感染原代鸡胚成细胞（ＣＥＦ）单层,蓝斑选纯化病毒;将重组病毒感杂次代ＣＥＦ,收获细胞后制备提取物,检测其中的β－半乳糖苷酶的活性,由此得到一个基因表达效率高的复制非必需片段ｐＦＰＶ７ｓ。根据痘苗病毒天然启动子Ｐ７．５的结构,人工合成４条寡核苷酸,形成一个早期和