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22.
Mishael YG Undabeytia T Rabinovitz O Rubin B Nir S 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(10):2864-2869
The design and tests of slow-release formulations of sulfometuron (SFM), an anionic sulfonylurea herbicide, are described. The formulations are based on incorporation of the herbicide in octadecyltrimethylammonium (ODTMA) micelles, which adsorb on a clay mineral, montmorillonite. An optimization of herbicide/micelle clay ratios yielded high adsorption of SFM (95%), and at a 1% (w/w) water suspension only 0.5% of the adsorbed SFM was released at times varying from hours to 9 days. An analytical test in Seville soil showed that under excessive irrigation (400 mm) 100% of the commercial formulation leached, whereas the micelle-clay formulations showed only 50-65% elution. A plant bioassay in Rehovot soil showed that the commercial dispersible granule formulation (Oust, 75% ai sulfometuron methyl) yielded only 23% root elongation inhibition at the top 5 cm of the soil, whereas complete inhibition was achieved with the micelle-clay formulation. The detected concentration of SFM for the micelle-clay formulation at a depth of 15-20 cm was half of that detected for the commercial one, indicating a reduction in leaching when applying the micelle-clay formulation. A 10-fold reduction in the applied dose of SFM in the micelle-clay formulations resulted in good herbicidal activity of 60-87% inhibition. These characteristics make the new formulation promising from the environmental and economic points of view. 相似文献
23.
Construction of a genetic map of melon with molecular markers and horticultural traits, and localization of genes associated with ZYMV resistance 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Yael Danin-Poleg Yaakov Tadmor Galil Tzuri Noa Reis Joseph Hirschberg Nurit Katzir 《Euphytica》2002,125(3):373-384
Abstract: A partial linkage map of melon was constructed from a cross between PI414723 and Dulce. Twenty-two SSR, 46RAPD,
2 ISSR markers and four horticultural markers [female flower form (a), Fusarium resistance, striped epicarp (st), and fruit flesh pH (pH)] were analyzed in an F2/F3 population to produce a map spanning 14 linkage groups. We report for the first time map positions for the st, a, and pH genes. One SSR marker was tightly linked to pH. Mapping the a gene for the female flower form to molecular linkage group 4 enabled the merging of the map of horticultural traits with
the of molecular markers in this region. Using the 22 SSR markers of this map, two of the three postulated ZYMV resistance
genes were located using a BC1 population (PI414723 recurrent parent). One SSR marker was tightly linked to a ZYMV resistance gene, designated Zym-1.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
24.
1. Birds, especially nestlings, are generally difficult to sex by morphology and early detection of chick gender in ovo in the hatchery would facilitate removal of unwanted chicks and diminish welfare objections regarding culling after hatch. 2. We describe a method to determine chicken gender without the need for PCR via use of Thymine-DNA Glycosylase (TDG). TDG restores thymine (T)/guanine (G) mismatches to cytosine (C)/G. We show here, that like DNA Polymerase, TDG can recognise, bind and function on a primer hybridised to chicken genomic DNA. 3. The primer contained a T to mismatch a G in a chicken genomic template and the T/G was cleaved with high fidelity by TDG. Thus, the chicken genomic DNA can be identified without PCR amplification via direct and linear detection. Sensitivity was increased using gender specific sequences from the chicken genome. 4. Currently, these are laboratory results, but we anticipate that further development will allow this method to be used in non-laboratory settings, where PCR cannot be employed. 相似文献
25.
A controlled-release formulation (CRF) has been developed for metolachlor, which reduced its leaching in a sandy soil and improved weed control in comparison with the commercial formulation. The current study tested the effect of soil wetting and drying cycles (WDCs) on metolachlor fate (desorption, leaching, and weed control) applied as the CRF and as the commercial formulation. Metolachlor adsorption to a heavy soil (Terra-Rosa) was predominately to the clay minerals and oxides. Metolachlor release from a heavy soil subjected to WDCs was higher than its release from the soil not subjected to WDCs. Consequently, a bioassay in soil columns treated with the commercial formulation indicated enhanced metolachlor leaching in heavy soils under WDCs. In contrast, when metolachlor was applied as the CRF, leaching was suppressed and not affected by WDCs. These results emphasize the advantages of the CRF also in heavy soils subjected to WDCs. 相似文献
26.
ABSTRACT The yeast Candida oleophila, the base of the commercial product Aspire, is recommended for the control of postharvest decay in citrus and pome fruit. Its modes of action include nutrient competition, site exclusion, and direct mycoparasitism. In the present study, we showed that application of Candida oleophila to surface wounds or to intact 'Marsh Seedless' grapefruit elicited systemic resistance against Penicillium digitatum, the main postharvest pathogen of citrus fruit. The induction of pathogen resistance in fruit was already pronounced 24 h after elicitation; it was distance, concentration, and time dependent and restricted to the peel tissue closely surrounding the yeast application site. The induction of pathogen resistance required viable yeast cells at concentrations of 10(8) to 10(9) cells ml(-1). Nonviable autoclaved or boiled yeast cells or lower yeast concentrations were ineffective in enhancing fruit disease resistance. Application of Candida oleophila cell suspensions to grapefruit peel tissue increased ethylene biosynthesis, phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity, and phytoalexin accumulation, and increased chitinase and beta-1,3-endoglucanase protein levels, indicated by western immunoblotting analysis. Scanning electron microscope observations revealed that spore germination and germ tube growth of Penicillium digitatum were markedly inhibited in wounds made near the yeast-treated sites. Overall, this study provides evidence that induced resistance against postharvest decay of citrus fruit should be considered an important component of the multiple modes of action of the yeast Candida oleophila. 相似文献
27.
28.
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is added to tortillas to maintain a pliable texture during storage. A need exists to optimize or replace CMC in masa and tortilla manufacturing with cheaper yet adequate alternatives. Change in water distribution upon gum addition may be key to understanding stability of cooked masa. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the state and distribution of water in masa systems containing two types of CMC and guar gum. Masa was mixed with 10% (1% in viscosity measurements) of different gums (either one of two CMCs varying in viscosity or guar) then hydrated to 50% moisture content. Viscosity, water holding capacity (WHC), total moisture content (TGA) as well as “freezable” (FW) and “unfreezable” (UFW) water (DSC) of all samples were obtained and compared. Viscosity measurements indicated guar gum may provide a good substitution for high viscosity CMC. The two water measurements, WHC and UFW, differed as to the effect of viscosity on water entrapment. WHC represented the short‐term imbibing of gums, while UFW indicated how the hydrocolloids responded in masa given full hydration time. UFW in guar gum was lower than in medium viscosity CMC. These initial results indicate that guar gum may prove a good substitute for CMC in masa applications. 相似文献
29.
Yael Shilo-Benjamini Peter J. Pascoe Erik R. Wisner Nili Kahane Philip H. Kass David J. Maggs 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):925-932
Objective
To compare injectate distribution and likelihood of regional anesthesia to the orbit following retrobulbar (RB) or peribulbar (PB) injections in dog cadavers.Study design
Randomized, masked study.Animals
Twenty-four dog cadavers (aged 5.5–17 years, 2.0–36.3 kg).Methods
Orbits underwent one of three injection techniques with bupivacaine 0.5% and iohexol (1:1): ventrolateral RB injection (1–2 mL; 15 orbits), medial canthal PB injection (2–8 mL; PB-1; 16 orbits), or dorsomedial and ventrolateral PB injections (each 1–4 mL; PB-2; 16 orbits). The likelihood of successful regional anesthesia was estimated based on computed tomographic images scored for injectate volume of distribution at the base and within the extraocular muscle cone (EOMC), and injectate distribution around the optic nerve. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured before and after injections. Mixed-effects linear regression with post hoc Bonferroni contrast adjustments was performed. Significance was set at 0.05.Results
A difference in injectate volume of distribution within or at the base of the EOMC was not detected among groups. The median optic nerve circumference of injectate distribution was significantly higher in the RB injected group than in the PB-2 group. Injectate distribution following RB, PB-1 and PB-2 injections was graded as likely to provide regional anesthesia within the EOMC in 40%, 19% and 31% of eyes, and at the EOMC base in 60%, 63% and 50% of eyes, respectively. The probability of likelihood to provide regional anesthesia was lower in dogs of higher body weights. The IOP was significantly higher than baseline following PB-1 (18 ± 14 mmHg) and in comparison with RB (2 ± 3 mmHg), but not different from PB-2 injection (10 ± 11 mmHg).Conclusions and clinical relevance
None of the techniques reliably produced ‘successful’ injectate distribution based on this study's definitions; however, clinical assessment of anesthetic success is required. 相似文献30.
Soy isoflavones are widely recognized for their potential health benefits. The increased use of traditional and new food products calls for the assessment of their stability during processing and storage. The present study examines the stability of genistein and daidzein derivatives in soy milk. Soy milk was stored at ambient and elevated temperatures, and the change in isoflavone concentration was monitored with time. Genistin loss in time showed typical first-order kinetics, with rate constants ranging from 0.437-3.871 to 61-109 days(-1) in the temperature ranges of 15-37 and 70-90 degrees C, respectively. The temperature dependence of genistin loss followed the Arrhenius relation with activation energies of 7.2 kcal/mol at ambient temperatures and 17.6 kcal/mol at elevated temperatures. At early stages of soy milk storage at 80 and 90 degrees C, the 6' '-O-acetyldaidzin concentration increased, followed by a slow decrease. The results obtained in this study can serve as a basis for estimating the shelf life of soy milk as related to its genistin content. 相似文献