International regulatory considerations pertaining to the development of stem cell-based veterinary medicinal products

Stem cell-based products (SCPs) are an emerging field of veterinary medicine that focuses on the regeneration, repair, or replacement of damaged tissues or organs. However, there are some issues in applying the traditional regulatory guideline for the approval of SCPs as veterinary medicinal products. This article describes the positions of Korea, US, and EU regarding SCPs, and compares the regulatory guidelines of each country for their safety evaluation. Although there are some differences in the regulatory guidelines, similar considerations in identifying the quality of SCPs and their safety has adopted. Overall, these guidelines need to be harmonized among countries.     

纳米银和外源丛枝菌根真菌对甜高粱叶绿素荧光诱导动力学特性的影响

纳米银是应用最广泛的人工纳米材料之一,具有一定的生物毒性。丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorr-hizal fungi, AMF)能与陆地上80%的植物形成互惠共生关系,并能改善植物对矿质营养的吸收,促进光合作用,提高抗逆性。而纳米银与AMF共同作用对植物叶绿素荧光特性的影响尚不清楚。本实验选择能源植物甜高粱为供试植物,在未灭菌土壤中利用温室盆栽试验,研究了不同纳米银水平下接种外源AMF对甜高粱叶绿素荧光诱导动力学特性的影响。结果表明,纳米银对外源AMF有一定毒性,抑制了菌根侵染植物根系。纳米银施加浓度的增加造成了光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)供体侧受到伤害,结构被破坏;并且抑制了最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o),降低了PSⅡ的光能效率;而接种外源AMF则可通过增加热耗散以减少对PSⅡ结构的破坏,对植物起到保护作用。研究证实,在未灭菌条件下,接种外源AMF可以缓解纳米银对甜高粱的植物毒性,其效应与纳米银剂量有关。     

中脚趾骨灰锰含量作为肉仔鸡锰生物学有效性评价指标的可行性研究

用一日龄Arbor Acres(AA)雏鸡80只(公母各半)进行试验,研究中脚趾骨灰Mn含量替代跖骨灰Mn含量作为肉仔鸡Mn生物学有效性评价指标的可行性。玉米一豆饼基础饲粮(含Mn 22ppm)分别添加无机Mn(试剂级MnSO_4·H_2O)0、50、100、150和200ppm,自由采食28天。随饲粮Mn的增加,中脚趾骨灰及跖骨灰中的Mn含量均高度线性上升(P<0.01),它们之间以及它们与饲粮Mn添加水平间的相关系数分别达0.9963、0.9713和0.9870,差异极显著(P<0.01)。结果提示,中脚趾骨灰Mn含量可满意地代替跖骨灰Mn含量而用于评价肉仔鸡Mn的生物学有效性。     

酵母硒对肉仔鸡的生物安全性评价

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加不同水平酵母硒对爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡生长性能、血液血红蛋白含量和红细胞压积、血浆生化指标、器官指数和组织结构变化的影响,进而评价酵母硒对肉仔鸡的生物安全性。试验采用单因子完全随机设计,选用288只1日龄AA肉仔鸡,随机分为4个组,每个组6个重复,每个重复12只鸡(公母各占1/2)。各组分别在玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮中添加0、0.4、2.4和4.9 mg/kg(以硒计)的酵母硒试验。试验期为42 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,饲粮添加0.4和2.4 mg/kg酵母硒显著提高了22~42日龄肉仔鸡平均日采食量(P0.05);饲粮添加0.4、2.4和4.9 mg/kg酵母硒显著提高了1~42日龄肉仔鸡平均日增重(P0.05),而各酵母硒添加组之间差异不显著(P0.05)。2)饲粮添加不同水平酵母硒除对21日龄肉仔鸡血浆尿素氮含量和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性以及42日龄肉仔鸡血浆GSH-Px活性有显著影响(P0.05)外,对其他血浆生化指标均无显著影响(P0.05)。与对照组相比,各酵母硒添加组21和42日龄肉仔鸡血浆GSH-Px活性随着酵母硒添加水平的增加均显著提高(P0.05),且饲粮添加2.4 mg/kg酵母硒显著降低了21日龄肉仔鸡血浆尿素氮含量(P0.05)。3)饲粮添加不同水平酵母硒对21和42日龄肉仔鸡血液血红蛋白含量和红细胞压积及42日龄肉仔鸡器官指数均无显著影响(P0.05),且并未引起主要器官的组织结构变化。综上所述,肉仔鸡饲粮中酵母硒的添加水平为0.4 mg/kg(饲粮中总硒含量为0.41 mg/kg)时,具有10倍的安全系数,即饲粮中以酵母硒形式添加硒对肉仔鸡是安全的。     

浅析高铜使用中的几个误区与解决方法

铜是动物和人类必需的微量元素之一。铜除了具有通常的营养作用以外，大剂量添加时能促进动物的生长。铜在提高养殖效益的同时，也带来了一系列的环境问题。本文就铜的营养作用机制、使用方面的误’区、对人类和环境的危害以及解决问题的措施和对策进行了阐述。     

基于池塘圈养条件的大口黑鲈生长特征与模型构建

为掌握池塘圈养条件下大口黑鲈养殖周期的生长特征变化规律,测定体质量为（16.3±4.9）~（424.9±27.2） g生长周期内大口黑鲈的体长、全长、吻长、眼径、头长、尾柄长、头高、体高、尾柄高、体宽和体质量生长特征参数,分析其生长特征参数之间的相关性,分别建立基于支持向量回归（SVR）、径向基神经网络（RBF）和随机森林回归（RF）的体质量预测模型,将预测值与实测值拟合确定最佳模型;并运用模型拟合的方法建立各个生长特征参数的最佳生长模型。结果显示：体质量与生长特征参数均呈极显著相关性;基于支持向量回归（SVR）的体质量预测模型预测效果最佳,预测模型的决定系数R²为0.996,均方根误差为9.004,平均绝对误差为6.598;体质量与体长呈幂函数关系W=0.0127×L^3.224,决定系数R²为0.977;全长、体长、吻长和头长的最佳生长模型为Logistic模型,头高、体高、眼径和体宽最佳生长模型为Von Bertalanffy模型,体质量、尾柄长和尾柄高最佳生长模型为Gompertz模型;在养殖周期内大口黑鲈肥满度在2.26%~2.93%波动。以上结果表明,可以利用生长模型和体质量预测模型预测掌握圈养条件下大口黑鲈的生长过程,并通过精准投喂达最佳养殖效果。     

Precise timing of the last interglacial period from mass spectrometric determination of thorium-230 in corals

The development of mass spectrometric techniques for determination of (230)Th abundance has made it possible to reduce analytical errors in (238)U-(234)U-(230)Th dating of corals even with very small samples. Samples of 6 x 10(8) atoms of (230)Th can be measured to an accuracy of +/-3 percent (2sigma) and 3 x 10(10) atoms of (230)Th can be measured to an accuracy of +/-0.2 percent. The time range over which useful age data on corals can be obtained now ranges from about 50 to about 500,000 years. For young corals, this approach may be preferable to (14)C dating. The precision with which the age of a coral can now be determined should make it possible to critically test the Milankovitch hypothesis concerning Pleistocene climate fluctuations. Analyses of a number of corals that grew during the last interglacial period yield ages of 122,000 to 130,000 years. The ages coincide with, or slightly postdate, the summer solar insolation high at 65 degrees N latitude which occurred 128,000 years ago. This supports the idea that changes in Pleistocene climate can be the result of variations in the distribution of solar insolation caused by changes in the geometry of the earth's orbit and rotation axis.     

Histochemical analyses of digestive enzymes in the intestine of adult large-scaled gurnard (lepidotrigla cavillone, lacepède, 1801)

Localization and activity levels of the following digestive enzymes in the intestine of free-living large-scaled gurnard were determined: non-specific esterase, alkaline and acid phosphatase as well as aminopeptidase. Enzymatic activity of the four enzymes was confirmed in all intestine parts but with different distribution through the enterocytes and varying in diverse intensity according to intestine part. This research is part of a broader research project on the biology of economically important fish from the Adriatic Sea. Our study reveals that in the large-scaled gurnard, the middle and posterior intestinal segments play the major role in digestion and absorption of proteins, whereas all parts of the intestine participate in lipid absorption and intracellular digestion. The high protein and lipid content in the diet of the large-scaled gurnard is most likely responsible for high activities of esterase, alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase, as they are involved in digestion and absorption of proteins and lipids.     

Effect of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus radiate</Emphasis> bark extracts with different molecular weight distributions on cell growth of NIH/3T3 fibroblasts and dendrite retraction of B16 melanoma cells

Hot water extract (HWE) of Pinus radiata bark was separated into monomeric polyphenol (MPP), oligomeric proanthocyanidin (OPA), and polymeric proanthocyanidin (PPA) fractions by monitored chromatography using a Sephadex LH 20 column and an UV detector at 250 nm. The effects of these fractions on NIH/3T3 fibroblasts and B16 melanoma cells were examined by evaluating cell viability, melanogenesis (melanin content), morphological changes, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The polyphenolic fractions had a proliferation effect on fibroblasts, with cell growth increasing significantly (P < 0.01) even at the high concentration of 1250 μg/ml. At 125 μg/ml, HWE, MPP, and OPA had no effect on melanogenesis, whereas PPA significantly upregulated melanogenesis (P < 0.05). Melanogenesis was significantly upregulated in melanoma cells treated with these fractions at the high concentration of 600 μg/ml (P < 0.01). B16 melanoma cells cultured with the proanthocyanidin (PA)-rich fractions (HWE, OPA, and PPA) showed marked dendrite retraction, leading to significant morphological transformation. OPA in particular showed colored adhesion on the surface of melanoma cells. All four fractions significantly inhibited mushroom tyrosinase activity when compared to arbutin and ascorbic acid 2-glucoside (P < 0.05). The tyrosinase inhibitory activity of OPA and PPA did not differ significantly (P = 0.11), indicating that the inhibitory effects had a low correlation with molecular weight distribution. The inhibition kinetics of PPA determined using a Lineweaver-Burk plot indicated that PPA is a noncompetitive inhibitor of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine oxidation by mushroom tyrosinase.