我国畜禽饲料资源中矿物元素含量分布的调查

<正>饲料是畜牧业赖以发展的物质基础,饲料成本约占整个畜禽养殖成本的60%—70%。三十多年来,我国饲料工业取得了巨大成就,走过了许多发达国家五十年甚至上百年才走完的历程,实现了世界第一大饲料生产国的飞跃,2018年我国饲料总产量已达2.28亿吨[1]。我国饲料工业的快速发展,有力地推动了我国畜牧经济的发展,改善了人们的物质生活水平。近年来,我国畜禽养殖业规模化、集约化发展迅速,饲料企业的规模和产品结构也发生了较大变化。一些小型饲料企业逐渐被淘汰,规模生产企业占绝对主导地位,配合饲料的比例越来越高,     

Hematological adverse effects and pharmacokinetics of ribavirin in pigs following intramuscular administration

Ribavirin (RBV) is a synthetic guanosine analog that is used as a drug against various viral diseases in humans. The in vitro antiviral effects of ribavirin against porcine viruses were demonstrated in several studies. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the adverse effects and pharmacokinetics of ribavirin following its intramuscular (IM) injection in pigs. Ribavirin was formulated as a double‐oil emulsion (RBV‐DOE) and gel (RBV‐Gel), which were injected into the pigs as single‐dose IM injections. After injection of RBV, all of the pigs were monitored. The collected serum and whole blood samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and complete blood count analysis, respectively. All of the ribavirin‐treated pigs showed significant decreases in body weight compared to the control groups. Severe clinical signs including dyspnea, anorexia, weakness, and depression were present in ribavirin‐treated pigs until 5 days postinjection (dpi). The ribavirin‐treated groups showed significant decrease in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin concentration until 8 dpi. The mean half‐life of the RBV‐DOE and RBV‐Gel was 27.949 ± 2.783 h and 37.374 ± 3.502 h, respectively. The mean peak serum concentration (C_max) and area under the serum concentration–time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC_inf) of RBV‐DOE were 8340.000 ± 2562.577 ng/mL and 16 0095.430 ± 61 253.400 h·ng/mL, respectively. The C_max and AUC_inf of RBV‐Gel were 15 300.000 ± 3764.306 ng/mL and 207526.260 ± 63656.390 h·ng/mL, respectively. The results of this study provided the index of side effect and pharmacokinetics of ribavirin in pigs, which should be considered before clinical application.     

Indigenous parasitoids as effective natural enemies of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phyllocnistis citrella</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Korea

This study is aimed to investigate the occurrence of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (citrus leafminer; CLM), which has recently caused increasing damage to citrus farms in southern South Korea, and its natural enemies, which can act as biological control agents. In the present study, CLM monitoring using sex pheromone traps were conducted in the major citrus farms in the Jeju region in South Korea. Also a survey of parasites was carried out to detect the effective control agent for CLM. During the investigation from 2011 to 2015, a relatively large number of adult CLM (2,386,990) were observed in the sex pheromone traps. The mean annual occurrence of CLM was 477,398, which showed an increasing trend with the increase in temperature. A survey of parasites was conducted in November 2015. Six parasites were found, of which, Quadrastichus sp. and Sympiesis sp. showed the highest rates of parasitism. The mean rate of parasitism during the survey period was 3.97 %. We discovered four new species of parasites of CLM in South Korea.     

新型农户专用粮仓储粮品质变化研究

采用PVC软体仓作为新型农户专用仓,小麦在10个月储存期内水分含量变化≤0.6%,与原始水分无显著差异。小麦容重损失率均值为1.96%,干容重损失率均值2.1%,虫蚀粒率≤0.3%,霉变粒率≤0.1%,面筋吸水率变化率均值9.4%,平均储粮损失率为0.506%,干物质平均损失率为0.318%。由此可见PVC仓具有良好的防潮、防鼠、密闭、隔热等性能,能够有效地减少农户储粮过程中由粮食生虫、发热霉变、鼠咬等因素引起的储粮损失,起到减损保质的效果。     

篱架型作物高效施药技术自适应控制系统的研究与实现

针对目前我国果园施药成本高、效益低、药液流失污染严重等问题,设计并实现了一种篱架型作物高效施药技术的自适应控制系统.该系统由DM642视觉处理器、ARM控制器和F2806信号控制器组成,采用基于嵌入式系统的图像处理技术和多传感器技术,通过视觉传感器和超声波传感器探知作物的疏密度和施药距离;由系统自动控制电机带动喷头组的移动,调整最佳喷药距离,选择最佳喷药压力.实验结果表明,该系统实时性好、控制有效、能耗小、成本低,能够稳定可靠地实现喷药过程中的监测和控制.     

沙棘属植物结瘤特性及Frankia根瘤菌分离

以4种沙棘属植物为材料,调查其在不同生境、不同季节的结瘤特点,研究弗兰克氏根瘤菌(Frankia)的特性。研究发现,同种沙棘在不同生境和同种生境不同季节,不同种的沙棘属植物在不同生境,以及同一生境不同季节的根瘤大小、形状、着生部位、颜色和结瘤率不同;植物分布海拔越高,瘤块和瘤瓣越小;4种沙棘中藏沙棘根瘤瘤瓣最大。根瘤经切片法分离培养后,从不同生境不同季节生长的4种沙棘属植物中共得到纯培养菌株53株,不同宿主中的Frankia根瘤菌种类不同,同一宿主中也存在不同种类的Frankia根瘤菌。     

Transferability of rice SSR markers to bamboo

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are widely applied in studies of plant molecular genetics due to their abundance in the genome, codominant nature, high repeatability, and transferability in cross-species applications. To investigate the possibility of applying rice SSR markers in bamboo, we selected 120 rice SSR markers that are evenly distributed on rice chromosomes and assessed these for their transferability to 21 different bamboo species. A total of 4847 bands of 2196 alleles were obtained from 82 SSR markers that were able to amplify products in the bamboo genome; the transferability was 68.3%. Seven markers specifically amplified individual bamboo species and are consequently valuable markers for species identification. SSR markers located on rice chromosome 7 and 1 showed the highest and lowest transferability, respectively to the bamboo genome. SSR markers located on some regions of the rice chromosomes could not be amplified in bamboo, suggesting that regional divergence occurred between rice and bamboo during evolution. A dendrogram was constructed. The dendrogram classified bamboo species into two major groups which coincided with rhizome type, runner, and clumper. The results of this study demonstrate that rice SSR markers can be a valuable source of markers for those genomes lacking useful marker systems.     

BTH-mediated antioxidant system responses in apple leaf tissues

BTH (S-methylbenzo-1,2,3-thiadiazole-7-carbothiate), an active compound of the commercial preparation Bion, has been studied as an elicitor of resistance to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) in apple. However, the biochemical mechanisms of its action are not fully elucidated. Our study indicated that BTH at the best time of its protection activity (2–14 days after application) induced changes in prooxidant–antioxidant balance in the leaves of apple trees, but in different ways in the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants. Glutathione as low molecular antioxidant as well as superoxide anion radical and lipid peroxides as oxidants exhibited changes at the early phase of BTH action. Glutathione-dependent enzymes were strongly affected by the elicitor used. On the 2nd day glutathione transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities increased by about 70% and 30% above the control, respectively. GST activity normalized about the 14th day but GSH-Px at the same time showed 27% of the control value. Among enzymes utilising hydrogen peroxide only catalase showed increase (37%) at the early phase of experiment. Compared with the control, BTH-treated plants did not show changes in ascorbate peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activities. Tocopherol (TOC) level diminished starting from the 7th day after BTH treatment and on the 14th day it was only 28% of the control. It is proposed that extinguishing of BTH-mediated signal resulted from TOC and glutathione action. The diminished ascorbate level at all examined times may play a crucial role in BTH-mediated cell growth regulation. The direct influence of BTH on lipid metabolism should be also taken into consideration.     

湖北省无籽西瓜产业发展概况及前景展望

回顾了湖北省无籽西瓜产业科研、协作、生产发展的历程,在此基础上,分析了无籽西瓜产业发展的综合地域优势,并提出了今后发展对策。     

Effect of Solution pH on the Hydrolysis and Photolysis of Diazinon in Aqueous Solution

The hydrolytic and photolytic decomposition of diazinon were found to be highly dependent on the solution pH and can be adequately described with a two species distribution model. At light intensities less than 60 W m^-2, the photolytic decomposition rate of diazinon increased linearly with the UV light intensity. Both the hydrolytic and photolytic product of diazinon was identified to be 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-pyrimidinol (IMP). No further decomposition of IMP was found by hydrolysis, but the S-P bond of the other portion of diazinon molecule after production of IMP (which could be a thiophosphonate) may be ruptured by UV photolylsis to release a sulfate ion.