新海洋法与世界渔业的发展趋势

一、新海洋法中的渔业规则 (一)1982年海洋法公约中的渔业规则在国际法中的地位 联合国第三次海洋法会议于1978年底召开,经过长期协商,于1982年4月23日通过了《海洋法公约》,公约于1982年12月10日开始签字,有119个国家立即签了字。到1985年11月为止,共有159     

鳜鱼的人工繁殖技术

一、亲鱼的来源与培养 1.亲鱼的来源一是捕捞长江流域野生鳜鱼,驯养培育作亲本,二是用人工养殖的长江水系鳜鱼培育为亲本。以防止近亲繁殖,避免南方早繁苗携带特定病原体,改变目前用南方早繁苗当年鳜鱼集中年底上市局面,实现均衡应市。     

四种罗非鱼挥发性成份的GC-MS分析

为了研究四种罗非鱼挥发性成份的化学成分,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取罗非鱼挥发性成份,用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对其进行分离测定,结合计算机检索对分离的化合物进行结构鉴定,应用色谱峰面积归一化法测定各成分的相对百分含量。结果共鉴定出45种物质:奥利亚和奥尼各26种,尼罗24种,吉富18种。其中,有7种化合物为4种罗非鱼的挥发性成份所共有。2,4-二叔丁基苯酚在挥发性组份中的含量最高(奥利亚38.44%;尼罗37.34%;吉富35.21%;奥尼除外,占14.10%)。在挥发性成份中酯类、醇类、烯烃和有机酸类居多,分别有10种、6种、5种和4种,其中大部分为有特殊香味的挥发性物质,且该类物质在奥利亚、尼罗和奥尼三种罗非鱼中含量较多,在吉富中含量较少。奥尼罗非鱼中还检测出大量的特殊的挥发性物质L-抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯,其含量高达33.64%。     

草鱼、鲢鱼催产前后血液中促性腺激素含量的变动

应用放射免疫测定法,研究了草鱼、鲢鱼催产前后血液中GTH含量的变化。催产后草鱼、鲢鱼血液中GTH的含量增加到“排卵阈值”水平,也就是比产卵前增加30-40倍,产卵活动才能实现。由此阐述了鱼类也象其他脊椎动物一样,存在着丘脑下部——垂体——性腺系统的调节机制。     

Apparent digestibility coefficients of selected feed ingredients for juvenile snakehead,Ophiocephalus argus

Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, gross energy, phosphorus and amino acids in Peruvian fish meal, poultry by‐product meal, meat and bone meal, spray‐dried blood meal, hydrolysed feather meal, corn gluten meal, soybean meal, peanut meal, cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal were determined for juvenile snakehead (Ophiocephalus argus) with initial mean body weight of 78.1 g. A reference diet and test diets that consisted of a 70 : 30 mixture of the reference diet to test ingredient were used with 5 g kg^?1 Cr₂O₃ as an external indicator. Fish meal, poultry by‐product meal and corn gluten meal had higher ADCs of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy among ingredients tested. Dry matter ADCs ranged 61.9–81.5% for animal ingredients and corn gluten meal and ranged 52.2–68.0% for soybean meal, peanut meal, cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal. Energy ADCs of ingredients followed similar trends to differences in dry matter digestibility. Protein ADCs of animal and plant ingredients ranged 73.6–92.8% and 75.3–85.6%, respectively. Amino acid ADCs generally reflected protein digestibility. Lipid ADCs were relatively high for the ingredients tested. Phosphorus ADCs of animal and plant ingredients ranged 39.5–65.2% and 38.7–57.1%, respectively.     

单克隆抗体(Monoclonal antivodies)技术在水生动物疾病上的研究进展

单克隆抗体的发现和使用,大大提高免疫学检测的特异性和临床治疗的精确性,对生物、化学、医学、免疫学等多个领域的研究有着深远的影响.本文简要介绍了单克隆抗体的技术原理,回顾了单克隆抗体的应用背景,并将目前单克隆抗体在水产上各领域的应用情况进行了总结概括,对该项技术在水生动物疾病上的应用前景进行了展望.     

Ontogenetic development of digestive enzymes and effect of starvation in miiuy croaker <Emphasis Type="Italic">Miichthys miiuy</Emphasis> larvae

The ontogenetic development of the digestive enzymes amylase, lipase, trypsin, and alkaline phosphatase and the effect of starvation in miiuy croaker Miichthys miiuy larvae were studied. The activities of these enzymes were detected prior to exogenous feeding, but their developmental patterns differed remarkably. Trypsin activity continuously increased from 2 days after hatching (dah), peaked on 20 dah, and decreased to 25 dah at weaning. Alkaline phosphatase activity oscillated at low levels within a small range after the first feeding on 3 dah. In contrast, amylase and lipase activities followed the general developmental pattern that has been characterized in fish larvae, with a succession of increases or decreases. Amylase, lipase, and trypsin activities generally started to increase or decrease at transitions from endogenous to exogenous feeding or diet changes, suggesting that these enzymatic activities can be modulated by feeding modes. The activities of all the enzymes remained stable from 25 dah onwards, coinciding with the formation of gastric glands and pyloric caecum. These results imply that specific activities of these enzymes underwent changes due to morphological and physiological modifications or diet shift during larval development but that they became stable after the development of the digestive organs and associated glands was fully completed and the organs/glands functioned. Trypsin and alkaline phosphatase were more sensitive to starvation than amylase and lipase because delayed feeding up to 2 days after mouth opening was able to adversely affect their activities. Enzyme activities did not significantly differ among feeding groups during endogenous feeding; however, all activities were remarkably reduced when delayed feeding was within 3 days after mouth opening. Initiation of larvae feeding should occur within 2 days after mouth opening so that good growth and survival can be obtained in the culture.     

Competition of infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) for binding to shrimp cellular membrane

Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) are two widespread shrimp viruses. The interference of IHHNV on WSSV was the first reported case of viral interference that involved crustacean viruses and has been subsequently confirmed. However, the mechanisms underlying the induction of WSSV resistance through IHHNV infection are practically unknown. In this study, the interference mechanisms between IHHNV and WSSV were studied using a competitive ELISA. The binding of WSSV and IHHNV to cellular membrane of Litopenaeus vannamei was examined. The results suggested that there existed a mutual competition between IHHNV and WSSV for binding to receptors present on cellular membrane of L. vannamei and that the inhibitory effects of WSSV towards IHHNV were more distinct than those of IHHNV towards WSSV.     

光合细菌提高凡纳滨对虾幼体抗逆性的研究

人工引入光合细菌于凡纳滨对虾养殖环境中,监测与养殖环境相关的水质因子(氨氮、亚硝酸氮、化学需氧量)的变化;观察不同光合细菌使用浓度下凡纳滨对虾对人工制造的胁迫环境的抗逆性;观测不同光合细菌使用浓度下凡纳滨对虾的成活率与体重增长率。研究光合细菌对水质改善和凡纳滨对虾抗逆性的影响。结果表明,光合细菌能显著(P<0.05)降低水体中的化学需氧量、氨氮含量并抑制亚硝酸盐氮的产生;当光合细菌投放浓度为3×103cfu/mL时,水体中化学需氧量、氨态氮、亚硝酸盐氮含量的均值分别比对照组降低了31.59%、43.42%、52.20%;成活率比对照组提高了18.67%,体重增长率是对照组的1.34倍;当光合细菌使用浓度为3×102cfu/mL~3×104cfu/mL时,对虾抗逆性显著(P<0.05)增强,对虾在氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、高锰酸钾、甲醛胁迫下24 h的成活率均值分别比对照组提高了36.67%、25.00%、26.39%、10.00%。     

渔用聚乙烯单丝节能纺生产研究

通过对渔用聚乙烯单丝的节能低压纺丝技术研究,研发一种高分子材料低压纺丝口模和静态混合器;经在不同长径比螺杆的通用纺丝机上实验和考核结果显示：每吨单丝平均节电180KW／h;电力能耗人工等生产成本平均下降25％;纺丝生产产量和效率平均提高30％;单丝产品微观特征和性能良好、机械物理性能和后续绳线产品质量符合或超过国家、行业标准优等品指标;本项节能纺丝生产技术研究与应用,可降低渔业绳网和单丝行业的能源消耗等加工成本,提高产品质量和生产效率,符合我国节能国策。