改性纤维素的吸附性能及应用研究进展

纤维素作为天然生物基材料来源广泛,纤维素的改性及其在吸附方面的应用一直作为研究的热点。笔者介绍了纤维素基本结构,综述了纤维素化学改性方法以及改性纤维素对水体污染物吸附能力的提高。重点从改性纤维素良好的吸附性、吸附机理以及对水体中金属离子和水体中氮磷的吸附性展开叙述。提出了改性纤维素可应用于土壤当中,以期为土壤改良、作物高产提供全面的科学解释;同时改性纤维素可与肥料相结合,提高肥料利用率减缓因施肥造成的面源污染等问题。     

高山姬鼠胴体重长指标的变化规律

采用胴体重与体长的比值作为胴体重长指标KWL′。对2008－2010年贵州省大方县捕获的285只高山姬鼠(雌鼠138只,雄鼠147只)胴体重长指标进行分析表明,高山姬鼠胴体重长指标在1.38～3.32 g/cm之间,平均为(1.90±0.32) g/cm,雌雄鼠之间差异极显著。不同生境之间差异不显著。不同年龄组之间差异极显著,且随着种群年龄的增长,胴体重长指标不断增加。不同季节、不同月份之间差异显著, 胴体重长指标季节变化趋势为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季。胴体重长指标与种群繁殖密切相关,可作为预测种群数量变动的参考依据之一。     

QTL analysis of cooked rice grain elongation, volume expansion, and water absorption using a recombinant inbred population

The traits of elongation, volume expansion, and water absorption are very important in determining the quality of cooked rice grains. In this study, quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of these traits was performed using a recombinant inbred population derived from a cross between two indica cultivars, ‘Zhenshan 97’ and ‘Minghui 63 ,’ which are the parents of the most widely grown hybrid rice in China. Using a linkage map based on 221 molecular marker loci covering a total of 1796 cM, a total of 33 QTLs were identified for the nine traits tested. QTLs were detected on chromosomes 1– 3 , 5– 9 , and 11 , respectively. The QTLs identified included three for cooked rice grain length elongation (chromosomes 2 , 6 , and 11), six for width expansion (chromosomes 1‐ 3 , 6 , 9 , and 11) and two for water absorption (chromosomes 2 and 6). Interestingly, a single QTL located near the wx gene on chromosome 6 seemed to influence all the traits tested for the cooked rice quality.     

QRS complexes detection using quadratic b-spline wavelet transform algorithm

Aiming at the low accuracy and low adaptability of wave detection, a QRS complexes detection algorithm is proposed based on quadratic b-spline wavelet, while combined with binary search algorithm and arc approximating curve algorithm. The signal is decomposed with quadratic b-spline wavelet through Mallat algorithm and the R wave is detected by adjusting the threshold with binary search and modulus maximumizing. The T wave and P wave are detected by using arc approximating curve algorithm based on the least square. This algorithm is certified with the ECG signals from MIT-BIH database and is demonstrated that the algorithm enhanced the adaptability of R wave detection and improved the accuracy of T wave and P wave detection. The simulation experiment shows that the improved algorithm can effectively improve the automatic detection capabilities of ECG signals.     

Modeling and simulation of the upper limb artery system using three section electric network model

A three section electric network model is built for human upper limb arterial system according to the Windkessel model. Blood pressure waveform of brachial artery is inputted into the electric network model. The state space equations of the electric network model are refined by using the state space analysis and solved numerically by the fourth order Runge Kutta method to obtain the blood pressure and flow waveform of radial artery. Effects of changes of the electric network model’s parameters on the blood pressure and flow waveform are also analyzed in normal and different pathological conditions(arteriosc lerosis and hypertension). The results of simulation show that the parameters of the model can well reflect the physiological significations of the upper limb arterial system; the analytic and computational methods are of fairly high precision and fast convergence for the model; and the model can simulate effectively the hemodynamic characteristics of upper limb arteries under normal and different pathological conditions.     

张家界烟区不同海拔高度植烟土壤特征与综合评价

为了揭示张家界烟区植烟土壤特征与海拔高度的关系,为该区烟草的种植布局与合理施肥提供理论依据。采用GPS技术,记录烟区不同海拔高度299个土壤样品的海拔高度和经纬度,利用经典统计学和地统计学方法比较分析了张家界烟区不同海拔高度(<400 m、400~600 m、601~800 m、>800 m)的植烟土壤理化性状差异,综合评价了不同海拔高度植烟土壤肥力状况。结果表明,土壤氮素和有机质、有效硫、有效钼、有效锰含量随海拔高度的升高基本呈上升趋势,而土壤交换性钙、有效铁、有效铜含量随海拔高度的升高基本呈下降趋势,海拔<400 m、>800 m的植烟土壤特征与其他海拔段的土壤差异明显。综合比较各海拔植烟土壤养分含量,以中高海拔(>400 m)更适宜生产优质烟叶。张家界烟区62%的植烟土壤较为适宜,以海拔高度601~800 m的频数分布最高。     

Identification and validation of a yield-enhancing QTL cluster in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Improvement of rice grain yield (YD) is an important goal in rice breeding. YD is determined by its related traits such as spikelet fertility (SF), 1,000-grain weight (TGW), and the number of spikelets per panicle (SPP). We previously mapped quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for SPP and TGW using the recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the crosses between Minghui 63 and Teqing. In this study, four QTLs for SF and four QTLs for YD were detected in the RILs. Comparison of the locations of QTLs for these three yield-related traits identified one QTL cluster in the interval between RM3400 and RM3646 on chromosome 3. The QTL cluster contained three QTLs, SPP3a, SF3 and TGW3a, but no YD QTL was located there. To validate the QTL cluster, a BC₄F₂ population was obtained, in which SPP3a, SF3 and TGW3a were simultaneously mapped to the same region. SPP3a, SF3 and TGW3a explained 36.3, 29.5 and 59.0 % of phenotype variance with additive effect of 16.4 spikelets, 6 % SF and 1.8 g grain weight, respectively. In the BC₄F₂ population, though the region has opposite effects on TGW and SPP/SF, a YD QTL YD3 identified in this cluster region can increase 4.6 g grains per plant, which suggests this QTL cluster is a yield-enhancing QTL cluster and can be targeted to improve rice yield by marker aided selection.     

Effect of cooling rate on high temperature mechanical properties of weathering steel

High temperature mechanical properties are key factors which affect fracture production during deforming process of continuous casting. High temperature properties of weathering steel Q450NQR1 are tested in 3 cooling rates (1.65, 5, 10 ℃/s) using Gleeble thermo-mechanical simulator. Specimens appear austenite dynamic recrystallization at 1 050 ℃, and the ductility reaches the lowest point and the reduction of area approaches 23% at 850 ℃ in 3 cooling rates. As the cooling rate increases, the low ductility area where cracks are easy to be produced in slabs is enlarged and extended towards low temperature, and the ductility troughs are deepened. The increase of the cooling rate decreases the tensile stress and yield stress, while when the cooling rate increases to some degree, it doesn’t affect the stress. The low cooling rate decreases the film or network ferrite producing in austenite grain boundary, and the carbonitride of microalloy is enwrapped in matrix, which is helpful to improve the ductility of steel.     

基于株型的水稻光合生产模拟研究进展

株型是反映水稻(Oryza sativa L.)冠层结构与群体光合态势的综合性状,理想株型塑造与籼粳亚种间杂种优势利用相结合是提高水稻单位面积产量的关键。利用计算机可视化技术和三维数字化技术可实现对不同株型水稻的单株及群体冠层三维结构的可视化模拟,克服了G函数应用复杂与繁琐的缺点。通过调控栽培管理措施可构建高光效的水稻冠层结构,提高水稻冠层的光能截获量和单位面积产量。利用辐射度和光线跟踪技术可在三维空间上实现不同株型水稻冠层内光合有效辐射分布的精确模拟,弥补了指数模型应用假设的不足。基于生理生态过程的水稻光分布与光合作用模拟研究得到了快速广泛的发展,为数字农业技术的发展提供了强有力的模型化和定量化支撑。水稻株型的差异明显改变了光在水稻冠层内的分布和利用,进而影响冠层光合作用和物质积累,因而系统分析水稻株型与冠层内光分布及冠层光合作用间的定量关系,有利于提高水稻群体光能利用率与产量。