马铃薯及土壤中丙炔噁草酮的气相色谱残留分析方法

建立了测定马铃薯及土壤中丙炔噁草酮及其代谢物RP017272和RP025496残留的气相色谱检测方法。植株、块茎样品以乙腈作为提取溶剂,土壤以二氯甲烷作为提取溶剂,选用KB-5（30m×320m×0.33m）色谱柱分离,电子捕获检测器定量检测丙炔噁草酮及其代谢物。该方法丙炔噁草酮及其代谢物的最小检出量均为5×10-12g,丙炔噁草酮、RP017272、RP025496的线性相关系数分别为0.999 2、0.998 6、0.997 2。丙炔噁草酮在马铃薯植株、块茎及土壤中的加标回收率为90.6-96.7%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.1-2.4%,RP017272和RP025496在土壤中的加标回收率为88.1-95.4%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.5-3.3%。方法具有简便、快捷,准确的特点,适合马铃薯植株、块茎及土壤中丙炔噁草酮及其代谢物残留量的测定。     

Evaluation of the combination of 1,3-dichloropropene and dazomet as an efficient alternative to methyl bromide for cucumber production in China

BACKGROUND: The combination of 1,3‐dichloropropene (1,3‐D) and dazomet (DZ) offers a potential alternative to methyl bromide (MB) for soil disinfection. MB is scheduled to be withdrawn from routine use by 2015 in developing countries. Combination treatments of 1,3‐D + DZ were evaluated in a laboratory study and in two commercial cucumber fields. RESULTS: Laboratory studies found that nearly all of the tested combinations of 1,3‐D and DZ displayed positive synergistic activity on root‐knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), two major soilborne fungi (Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp.) and the seeds of two major weed species (Digitaria sanguinalis and Abutilon theophrasti). Field trials revealed that the combination of 1,3‐D and DZ (at 10 + 25 g m^?2) successfully suppressed Meloidogyne spp. root galling, sharply reduced Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp. and maintained high cucumber yields. The combination treatment of 1,3‐D + DZ was more effective than 1,3‐D or DZ alone and provided results similar to methyl bromide with respect to pest control, plant mortality, plant height, yield and income. All of the treatments were significantly better than the non‐treated control. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the tested combination of 1,3‐D and DZ offers an efficient alternative to methyl bromide for cucumber production. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

薄木生产中蓝变木材的漂白

蓝变木材漂白试验表明:试剂质量分数和酸碱度对黄蓝轴色品指数b*及总色差△E*影响达到了极显著水平,处理时间也达到了次极显著的水平.蓝变木材脱色处理最佳组合为:脱色剂质量分数为3％,处理时间3h,温度为40℃,pH=7时,樟子松微薄木材蓝变可以脱出.其它木材脱色配方略有不同.质量分数3％以上的脱色剂TSBL药液即可脱出木材蓝变.pH值对蓝变木材脱色影响明显,当脱色剂处于酸性状态,蓝变木材色斑可以去除;当脱色剂处于碱性状态,大于7时,蓝变色斑不能脱出.脱色效果、脱色深度与处理时间有直接关系,处理时间越长,脱色深度越深,效果好;反之则差,甚至蓝变不能脱出.泡桐木材由于渗透性差,需要5 ～9h才能脱出蓝变.樟子松、橡胶木、香樟木和竹子较泡桐材渗透性好,3～7h即可脱出蓝变.     

青钱柳愈伤组织增殖

为获得大量优质愈伤组织,以青钱柳(Cyclocarya paliurus)叶片为外植体诱导出的愈伤组织为材料,研究了基本培养基、蔗糖质量浓度、植物生长调节剂和镧稀土对愈伤组织增殖的影响。结果表明,综合愈伤组织增长率以及愈伤组织的颜色和状态因素,以MS基本培养基的增殖效果最佳;蔗糖质量浓度为20.00 g/L时愈伤组织增长率最高;植物生长调节剂对愈伤组织增殖的最佳组合为KT0.20 mg/L+2,4-D0.20 mg/L,平均增长量、增长率分别为4.38 g/瓶和1 024.51%。稀土对愈伤组织增殖的最佳质量浓度为0.50 mg/L。研究结果为进一步建立青钱柳悬浮培养体系和次生代谢调控的研究提供基础,同时也为青钱柳组培快繁技术的研究提供依据。     

农业产业结构调整对农业经济增长的作用探析

农业作为古老且现代的产业,其在国民经济发展中有着重要的地位.本文从产业结构的定义入手,在分析农业产业结构对农村经济增长作用的基础上,提出了农业产业结构调整在促进农业经济增长方面的应用策略.对我国农业经济的发展有一定的借鉴意义.     

Trends of grain yield and plant traits in Chinese maize cultivars from the 1950s to the 2000s

Retrospective analyses may provide an understanding of unexploited genetic potential and indicate possible pathways for future yield improvement. The objectives of this study were to present maize(Zea mays L.)yield trends and plant traits changes for maize cultivars from the 1950s to the 2000s in China. Trials were conducted at three locations in 2007 and 2008, and at four locations in 2009. Twenty-seven single hybrids, four double-cross hybrids, and four open-pollinated varieties, were grown at three densities at each location each year. 56% of total yield gain was contributed to breeding from 1950 to 2000. New hybrids had more resistance to compound stress. Levels of response of all hybrids to higher-yielding environments were similar, and greater than that of OPVs. All maize cultivars showed morphological changes for all characteristics tested in a volatile manner from 1950 to 2000, except for relatively stable leaf number. ASI decreased and tolerance to root lodging improved, which were enhanced at higher plant densities. There were no trends for other characteristics at higher densities. Shorter maturity, smaller plant size and more tolerance to root and stalk lodging will be required for further yield improvement. Chinese maize yield improvement can benefit from agronomic strategies at higher plant densities.     

烯丙基异硫氰酸酯的熏蒸毒力研究

以玉米象和赤拟谷盗作为实验对象,采用熏蒸方式对烯丙基异硫氰酸酯的毒力进行测定.结果表明,烯丙基异硫氰酸酯对所研究的两种害虫有较好的快速致死作用,同时研究发现在相同熏蒸时间内烯丙基异硫氰酸酯对玉米象熏蒸的LC50和LC99均小于对赤拟谷盗的LC50和LC99,这说明烯丙基异硫氰酸酯对玉米象的熏蒸效果比对赤拟谷盗的好.     

玉米秸秆腐解对石灰性褐土酶活性和有机质质量分数动态变化的影响

通过室内培养,研究玉米秸秆腐解量与腐解时间的关系,以及不同秸秆添加量对石灰性褐土酶活性和有机质质量分数动态变化的影响。结果表明,玉米秸秆的腐解量随培养时间延长而增加,在培养的第45天,腐解量可达45%左右,而45天后腐解速度明显下降。在腐解的前60d,常规秸秆添加处理的腐解速率小于加倍量秸秆添加量处理,而在培养后期处理间腐解速率无差异,且腐解速率均随腐解时间延长而减小。土壤过氧化氢酶活性随培养时间的延长呈先增加后降低再增加的趋势,但不同秸秆量处理土壤过氧化氢酶活性差异不显著;碱性磷酸酶活性随秸秆添加量增加而增大,且均随培养时间延长而提高。土壤有机质和活性有机质质量分数均随培养时间延长而增加,且随秸秆添加量的增加而显著增加。     

春秋季节不同品种茶鲜叶芳香物质成分分析

首次使用顶空固相微萃取/气象色谱-质谱联用(HS-SPME/GC-MS)技术分析了10个不同品种春茶及秋茶鲜叶中的芳香物质组分及含量。结果表明,在10个不同品种的春、秋茶鲜叶中均检测出70余种挥发性化合物,主要包含酯类、醇类、烯类、烷烃类、酮类、醛类,其中酯类及醇类为主要物质。同时对春、秋茶鲜叶中主要芳香物质成分及含量做了比较,酯类及醇类(芳樟醇)是茶鲜叶香气成分的主要来源,且春茶鲜叶中具有花香的芳香物质含量要比秋茶中的含量高。     

宁夏农业生态安全评价与对策研究

农业生态安全是农业可持续发展的基础与核心,对于国家的安全和稳定意义重大.在建立指标体系的基础上,利用综合评价法对宁夏1997—2010年农业生态安全进行评价,结果显示:压力指数在经历前期波动后,呈现整体增加的态势,状态和响应指数的增加趋势则更为明显,综合指数的变化规律与压力指数相似,从1997年的0.414 4增加为2010年的0.659 4,今后应从减少农业环境污染、挖掘农业节水潜力和加大农业资金投入等方面提高宁夏农业生态安全水平.