改善农学管理措施减少太湖稻麦轮作NH3和NO排放

以稻麦轮作为对象,采用密闭室-通气法和静态箱-化学发光法对太湖地区空白（不施氮肥）、当地常规（农民习惯管理方式）和保产增效（与当地常规相比,改善作物种植、水分和养分管理方式）3个处理下的氨（NH3）挥发和一氧化氮（NO）排放进行田间原位观测,研究保产增效措施对稻麦轮作NH3 挥发和NO排放的综合影响。结果表明,与当地常规相比,保产增效在施氮量减少25%的情况下,总作物产量没有降低,且农学利用率提高了39%;保产增效NH3挥发量在稻季和麦季分别减少了26%和44%;保产增效在稻季NO排放量较低（0.75±0.03 kg N/hm2）,与空白和当地常规均没有显著差异（p<0.05）,在麦季NO排放量则显著降低了49%。因此,保产增效措施不仅能保障高产和提高氮利用率,还能减少NH3和NO排放,值得在太湖地区推广。     

亚热带湿润地区城市公园重建强度对其土壤酸化和土壤中重金属的影响

Soil quality is a major concern in the management of urban parks. In this study, the soils at 0–3, 3–13, and 13–23 cm depths were sampled from six urban parks, differing in reconstruction intensity(mainly changes made during conversion of natural forests into parklands), in the Pearl River Delta, China to determine how reconstruction intensity influenced the extent of acidification and heavy metal levels in the soils of urban parks in a humid subtropical environment. High reconstruction intensity(HRI) was practiced in three parks and low reconstruction intensity(LRI) in three other parks. The LRI soils were strongly to extremely acidic(with low exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K concentrations) while the HRI soils were much less acidic. Both total and extractable concentrations of soil heavy metals were related to the specific management practices and age of the park, but did not differ significantly between LRI and HRI parks or among soil depths. Soil p H was significantly related to soil exchangeable cation concentrations and base saturation but was weakly related or unrelated to soil heavy metal levels. Our results suggest that high intensity but not low intensity reconstruction significantly reduces the extent of soil acidification in the urban parks in a humid subtropical environment.     

我国荒漠生态系统动物物种多样性保护价值估算

生物多样性保护作为生态系统的支持性基础功能,其价值评估受到普遍关注,但评价方法一直是困扰学界的主要问题。基于能值理论对我国荒漠生态系统动物物种多样性保护价值进行核算,并参考世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)物种濒危等级分级标准,计算引入濒危指数对动物物种由于其稀缺性得到的价值增值。结果显示,我国荒漠生态系统动物物种多样性保护总价值为35万1 000亿元,其中稀缺性价值为3万6 400亿元,哺乳动物保护价值占总价值的52.41%,鸟类保护价值占42.04%。结果表明,我国荒漠生态系统具有巨大的动物物种多样性保护价值,其价值分布趋势由东向西、由南向北递增。从研究范围内各省区的情况来看,新疆的动物物种多样性保护价值最高,为21万1 000亿元,青海、西藏、内蒙古、甘肃价值数接近,陕西、山西、河北、吉林、黑龙江、辽宁价值较低。     

基于SUSAN角点的秧苗列中心线提取方法

中国南方水田环境复杂,不同生长阶段秧苗的形态各异,且田中常出现浮萍及蓝藻,其颜色与秧苗颜色极其相似,因此常用的作物特征提取算法难以应用在水田上。针对这些问题,该文提出一种基于SUSAN角点的秧苗列中心线方法。运用归一化的Ex G(excess green index)提取秧苗的灰度化特征,运用自适应的SUSAN(smallest univalue segment assimilating nucleus)算子提取秧苗特征角点;最后运用扫描窗口近邻法进行聚类,采用基于已知点的Hough变换(known point Hough transform)提取秧苗列中心线。经试验验证,此算法在图像中存在浮萍、蓝藻和秧苗倒影的情况下有较高的鲁棒性。在各种情况下均成功提取秧苗的列中心线,且每幅真彩色图像(分辨率:1280×960)处理时间不超过563 ms,满足视觉导航的实时性要求。     

不同夏谷品种的产量与氮肥利用效率

以8个夏谷品种为材料,在大田试验条件下,系统研究了谷子产量和氮肥利用效率的品种间差异及对氮肥的响应。结果表明,8个夏谷品种的平均产量以施氮处理显著高于不施氮处理,平均增产率为8.2%;氮肥对8个品种的增产效应不同,以济谷14、济谷17和济谷18增产效果显著,而对其它品种的产量无显著的促进作用。8个夏谷品种的氮肥利用效率存在差异;氮肥农学效率以济谷14最高,与其它品种达显著性差异;而豫谷18和济谷18的氮肥偏生产力显著高于其它品种。因此,在华北夏谷生产中,应结合当地生产情况和不同品种氮肥利用特性进行品种的选择和应用。     

洱海缓冲带土壤特性的空间分布

[目的]了解洱海缓冲带内土壤特性空间分布状况,进而为缓冲带面源污染治理、精细农业与植被布局等提供参考。[方法]采集80个缓冲带表层土壤样品,测定其含水率、有机质、全磷、全氮、氨氮和硝氮的含量,并应用传统统计学和地统计学方法对数据进行分析。[结果](1)土壤中含水率、有机质、全磷、全氮、氨氮和硝氮各项统计特性均通过K—S检验,呈正态分布;(2)洱海缓冲带土壤中养分水平较高;氨氮和硝氮的变异系数大于100%,属强变异性;(3)有机质南部略低,东西向呈东西高,中部低,全氮、全磷南北向呈南北低,中部高,东西向变化不大;(4)有机质表现出强烈的空间相关性,而全氮和全磷空间相关性弱。[结论]缓冲带农田格局和迁移转化是影响土壤特性空间分布的两个重要因素。     

可耕种坡地的土壤水力参数非均质性变化

The spatial variations of the soil hydraulic properties were mainly considered in vertical direction. The objectives of this study were to measure water-retention curves, θ（ψ）, and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity functions, K（ψ）, of the soils sampled at different slope positions in three directions, namely, in vertical direction, along the slope and along the contour, and to determine the effects of sampling direction and slope position of two soil catenas. At the upper slope positions, the surface soils （0-10 cm） sampled in the vertical direction had a lower soil water content, 0, at a certain soil water potential （-1 500 kPa 〈 ψ 〈 -10 kPa） and had the greatest unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, K, at ψ 〉 -10 kPa. At the lower slope positions, K at ψ〉 -10 kPa was smaller in the vertical direction than in the direction along the slope. The deep soils （100 110 cm） had similar soil hydraulic properties in all the three directions. The anisotropic variations of the hydraulic properties of the surface soils were ascribed to the effects of natural wetting and drying cycles on the structural heterogeneity. These results suggested that the anisotropy of soil hydraulic properties might be significant in influencing soil water movement along the slope and need to be considered in modeling.     

广东LNG站线项目水土保持监测及其评价

广东LNG站线项目是典型的线形工程.根据项目特点,详细阐述了该工程水土保持监测范围、分区、监测点布设以及监测内容和采用的监测方法.监测结果表明,该工程水土保持措施总体效果良好,水土流失防治达到了目标值.通过监测分析,为类似工程的规划设计提出了建议.     

应用水量平衡法确定波涌灌溉下土壤入渗参数

基于田间实测的地表水流推进过程 ,利用水量平衡法推求波涌灌溉间歇供水条件下的土壤入渗参数。在此基础上 ,利用地面灌溉模型模拟田间水流推进过程并与实测值作对比后发现 ,与单点入渗测试方法相比较 ,该法不仅具有较高的参数估值精度 ,还具备田间试验工作量相对较小、应用简便等特点 ,具有较好的实用价值。     

覆膜与水分控制对宁夏设施滴灌番茄产量与品质的影响

【目的】探索宁夏设施滴灌番茄覆膜的效果和适宜的灌溉制度,为宁夏地区设施滴灌番茄节水高产种植提供理论依据。【方法】通过2 a试验,在覆膜(M)与不覆膜(NM)条件下,设定4种水分控制水平,灌水频率为7~10 d,W1、W2和W3处理的灌水上限分别为100%FC(田间持水率)、80%FC和70%FC,以当地灌水量为对照(CK,灌水上限为123%FC),研究了覆膜和水分控制对设施滴灌番茄生长、产量、品质与水分生产效率的影响。【结果】番茄株高和茎粗在苗期―开花坐果期生长迅速,受覆膜处理影响显著(P<0.01),受水分控制影响不显著(P>0.05)。随着灌水量的增加,番茄产量先增加后降低,W2M处理的产量和水分生产效率均为最大值,分别为89844.88 kg/hm2和502.5 kg/(hm²·mm),相比覆膜CK分别增加21.4%和63.7%。相比于不覆膜处理,覆膜番茄产量平均增加18.1%,差异达到显著水平(P<0.05),其还原性维生素C和可溶性固形物量分别提高28.9%和22.8%(P<0.05)。覆膜和水分控制均对番茄还原性维生素C量、可溶性固形物和可溶性总糖量的影响达到显著水平(P<0.01),覆膜处理还对可滴定酸量和糖酸比的影响达到显著水平(P<0.05)。【结论】对于宁夏设施滴灌番茄,采用覆膜栽培与80%FC的灌水上限可以获得较高产量和较好品质。