微灌毛管水力学研究——微灌水力设计计算方法探讨之一

本文不采用缝隙管的假定,提出毛管水头线的多段折线模型;在此基础上,定义了降比r和压比G,根据r的大小,讨论了均匀坡毛管压力水头的分布;讨论了总水头损失计算方法;导出诸水力特征量的计算公式。     

Field evaluation of insect-resistant transgenic Populus nigra trees

The performance of insect-resistant transgenic poplar trees (Populusnigra) expressing a Cry1Ac gene from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki HD-1 against poplar defoliators was evaluated in the field at the Manas Forest Station in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region during1994–1997. The results showed that the average percentage of highly damaged leaves on the transgenic trees was 10% while that on the control trees in nearby plantations reached 80–90%. The average number of pupae per m² of soil at 20cm depth in transgenic poplar plantation was 18 which was only 20% of that found in the non-transgenic control field. The number of pupae and the leaf-damage on transgenic trees described above are all far below the threshold set for chemical protection measures. The non-transformed poplar trees grown in the same plantation with the transgenic trees were also protected indicating that cross protection occurred between these two kinds of trees. Insect-resistant transgenic poplar trees have a potential application value in afforestation. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of stachyose supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and caecal fermentation characteristics in broilers

1. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the oligosaccharide stachyose enhances gastrointestinal tract health by fermentation and proliferation of desirable bacteria species and thus affects growth performance and nutrient digestibility in broilers. 2. A total of 432 1-d-old male Arbor Acres (AA) broilers were randomly allocated to one of 6 treatments, with 12 replicate pens per treatment and 6 birds per pen. Chicks were fed a maize-hamlet protein 300 (HP300) basal diet with 0, 4.0, 8.0, 12.0 or 16.0 g/kg stachyose. A sixth diet contained no HP300 but soybean meal (SBM) and provided 8.7 g/kg stachyose and 3.1 g/kg raffinose. The duration of the study was 42 d. 3. Stachyose contents above 12.0 g/kg depressed group body weights, average daily gain and feed/gain but not feed intake during the whole experimental period. Broiler growth decreased linearly and quadratically with increasing stachyose content. No differences were detected between diets supplemented with 12.0 g/kg stachyose and SBM. 4. Nutrient digestibility tended to decrease but not significantly with increasing stachyose. 5. Stachyose content had no significant positive effects on caecal pH, microflora population and the resulting short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) metabolites during the 42 d experiment, with only butyrate differing significantly in the initial period.     

新疆果树多毛小蠹生物学特性及防治

多毛小蠹是新疆果树重要害虫，危害杏树甚为严重。在库尔勒一年发生2～3代，主要以幼虫和少数成虫、卵在树皮内越冬，世代重叠。在自然变温下，卵历期4～11天，幼虫20～31天；蛹期6～9天；成虫10～35天。完成一世代需40～86天，主要以幼虫在寄主树表面活动。采用农业和药剂防治相结合效果显著。     

柑桔病虫发生新动态及防治策略

本文着重介绍了近几年来,宜昌市柑桔红蜘蛛（Ｐａｎｎｏｎｙ ｃｈｕｓ Ｃｉｔｒｉ Ｍｅｓｒｅｇｏｋ）、矢尖蚧（Ｕｎａｓｐｉｃｙａｎｏｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｋｕｗａｎａ）、蚜虫（Ａｐｈｉｃ ｃｉｒｔｉｄｕｓ Ｋｉｋａｌｄｙ）、大实蝇（Ｔｅｔｒａｄｃｕｓ ｃｉｔｒｉ Ｃｈｅｎ）、小实蝇（Ｓｔｒｕｍｅｔａ ｆｅｒｕｇｉｎｅｄ ｄｏｒｗｌｉｓ Ｈｅｎｄ）、吉丁虫（Ａｇｒｉｌｕｓ ｃｉｒｔｉ Ｍａｔｓｕｍ,ｕｒａ）、     

三七及竹节参中皂甙的不同提取方法

采用冷浸、回流、微波等方法提取三七及竹节参皂甙,按光密度值分别计算出三七及竹节参皂甙的含量。结果显示,微波提取法与冷浸、回流法相比提取率稍高,并且微波提取法操作简单、安全、省时。因此,微波提取法将使三七和竹节参资源得到更好的开发和利用。     

不同寄主来源的葡萄霜霉病菌致病力测定及孢子囊大小比较

对采自我国不同地区、不同主栽葡萄品种‘红地球’、‘巨峰’及‘赤霞珠’上的12份葡萄霜霉病菌的致病力及孢子囊大小进行了比较和分析,结果表明:采自不同葡萄品种的病原菌对感病葡萄品种‘奥迪亚无核’叶片的致病力具有明显差异,其中‘巨峰’及‘红地球’来源的病原菌致病性较强,明显大于‘赤霞珠’来源的病原菌致病力;采自不同葡萄品种的霜霉病菌孢子囊大小存在一定的差异,‘赤霞珠’来源的病原菌孢子囊明显大于‘巨峰’及‘红地球’来源的霜霉病菌孢子囊。上述结果表明,采自不同寄主的葡萄霜霉病菌的致病力及孢子囊大小均存在一定程度的分化。     

生物柴油Fe_2(SO_4)_3—Al_2O_3固体酸催化剂的制备

为了解决硫酸铁催化制备生物柴油过程中存在的回收难和部分溶于水等问题,制备了Fe2(SO4)3—Al2O3负载型固体酸催化剂。考察了负载量、焙烤温度、焙烤时间对催化剂活性的影响。结果表明,负载量20%的催化剂在300℃下,焙烤超过4h,活性最高,延长焙烤时间对催化剂活性没有显著影响。对不同焙烤温度下的催化剂进行了扫描电镜、能谱和X射线衍射分析,结果显示300℃下,焙烤的催化剂具有最小的晶粒;超过300℃,催化剂上的Fe2(SO4)3组分开始分解。     

Effects of temperature and humidity on the contact angle of pesticide droplets on rice leaf surfaces

The effects of external factors such as temperature, humidity, pesticide formulation, and pesticide concentration on the contact angle of pesticide droplets on rice leaf surfaces were analyzed. The experiments showed that there were significant differences in the contact angles of droplets on the leaf surfaces under different temperatures and humidity. As the ambient temperature increased, the contact angle first decreased and then increased, reaching a minimum value at 25°C. With a gradual increase in humidity, the contact angle significantly increased and reached a maximum at 100% humidity. Finally, it was concluded that both the formulation and concentration of the pesticide had a significant effect on the contact angle of droplets on rice leaf surfaces. The experiments also illustrated that the effects of the pesticide formulation and concentration on the contact angle were more significant than those of temperature and humidity.     

阿维菌素和硫线磷对南方根结线虫的毒力

利用阿维菌素和硫线磷处理南方根结线虫离体卵与幼虫,测试其对线虫卵和卵块孵化以及对2龄幼虫的致死作用、活动能力、侵入能力的影响。结果表明阿维菌素和硫线磷均对线虫卵和卵块的孵化表现很强的抑制作用,阿维菌素5 μg/mL处理24 h对卵孵化抑制率高达82.57%,而硫线磷40 μg/mL处理24 h对卵孵化抑制率为73.05%;阿维菌素和硫线磷处理48 h对2龄幼虫的LD50分别为7.346 1、13.345 6 μg/mL;在阿维菌素2 μg/mL和硫线磷3 μg/mL处理中,2龄幼虫在沙柱中的平均移动距离仅为0.04 cm和0.05 cm,而对照处理的线虫平均移动距离为1.04 cm;在阿维菌素2 μg/mL和硫线磷50 μg/mL处理2龄幼虫48 h后,对番茄根部的侵入率为0.12%和0.45%,而空白对照处理线虫的侵入率达21.85%。