Die Verdaulichkeit der Rückstände der Kürbisölbereitung und ihr Gehalt an Mineralstoffen

Verdauungsversuche ergaben, daß die schalenarmen Rückstände der Kürbisölbereitung eiweißreiche und hochverdauliche Futtermittel sind. Die Verdaulichkeit der organischen Substanz betrug 82,8%. Mit zunehmendem Schalenanteil sinkt die Verdaulichkeit aller Bestandteile der organischen Substanz. Sie betrug bei einem schätzungsweisen Gehalt von rund 50% Schalen 63,5 % und bei den reinen Schalen nur mehr 21,5 %. Auf die Wichtigkeit einer Rohfaserbestimmung bei der Untersuchung und Beurteilung der hierher gehörigen Rückstände wird hingewiesen. Die aus den durchgeführten Mineralstoffanalysen errechneten Äquivalente ergaben für den Kuchen und den Schrot einen Säure-, für die Schalen einen Basenüberschuß.     

Simultaneous application of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor inhibitor PTK787/ZK 222584 and ionizing radiation does not further reduce the growth of canine oral melanoma xenografts in nude mice

PTK787/ZK 222584 is an inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor tyrosine kinases. In this study, the effectiveness of PTK787/ZK 222584 and radiation on canine oral melanoma xenografts was assessed. Xenografts were treated with radiotherapy (4x6Gy), or with PTK787/ZK 222584, or with a combination of both. Treatment efficacy was assessed using a tumour growth delay assay, serial power Doppler and pO(2) measurements during and after therapy. There was a significant growth delay for the group treated with radiation alone and for the combined treatment group. However, tumour growth delay was similar in both groups. Tumours were hypoxic before irradiation and no significant re-oxygenation occurred during therapy. In all tumours, vascularity and perfusion were significantly lower at the end of the study but no significant differences in perfusion, vascularity and oxygenation status were observed between and within treatment groups. The combination of PTK787/ZK 222584 and radiotherapy did not perform better than radiotherapy alone in this model.     

Einfluss eisenhaltiger Klärschlämme auf Kenngrößen der P‐Verfügbarkeit in Ackerböden

Influence of iron content in sewage sludges on parameters of phosphate availability in arable soils The use of iron salts for the P elimination in sewage plants is widely used. But it is not clear whether the P availability in arable soils is negatively influenced by iron compounds or not. The aim of the investigations was, therefore, to study the influence of two sewage sludges with a high and a low Fe content respectively on P sorption and phosphate concentration (P_i) in the soil solution after application of CaHPO₄ or sewage sludge to 5 loamy and 4 sandy soils (pot experiments and 1 silty loam (field experiment)). Soils were analyzed 1, 6, and 13 months after P application. Sludge Gö contained 12 kg P and 65 kg Fe (t DM)^—1 (P : Fe = 1 : 5.4) and sludge Sh 25 kg P and 39 kg Fe (t DM)^—1 (P : Fe = 1 : 1.5). The basic P application was 60 kg P ha^—1 (= 30 mg P (kg soil)^—1 in the pot experiment, as sludge or as CaHPO₄). P uptake by maize was determined in a separate pot experiment with a loamy soil and the same P application rate. The P sorption capacity remained similar in all soils after application of sludge Sh (P : Fe = 1:1.5) compared with soils without sludge, however, after application of sludge Gö the P sorption increased by 16% (0—59%). After application of sludge Sh the mean P_i concentration increased in loamy soils by 34% and in sandy soils by 15%. On the other hand the P_i concentration decreased after applying sludge Gö by 13% and 36% as compared to the controls of the respective soils. In the field experiment the P_i concentration of plots with a high P level (50 mg lactate soluble P (kg soil)^—1) was also significantly decreased after application of 10 t sludge Gö (126 kg P ha^—1) in comparison with triple phosphate. One month after the application of increasing amounts of sludge Gö (5, 10, 15 t DM ha^—1) both the concentration of oxalate‐soluble Fe in the soil and the P sorption were increased. The elevated relationship between these two parameters was highly significant (r² = 0.6 — 0.97). Plant uptake of P was less after application of sludge Gö than after application of sludge Sh and much less than P uptake from CaHPO₄. Sewage sludges with a P : Fe ratio of 1 : 5 should not be recommended for agricultural use, as the P availability is significantly reduced. Iron salts should not be used for conditioning of sludges.     

The acquisition of cadmium by Lupinus albus L., Lupinus angustifolius L., and Lolium multiflorum Lam.

Das Cadmiumaneignungsvermögen von Lupinus albus L., Lupinus angustifolius L. und Lolium multiflorum Lam. Mehrere Pflanzenarten mobilisieren Bodenphosphate (P) und Kationen wie Fe und Al durch die Exsudation organischer Anionen und Protonen. Deshalb untersuchten wir das Cd‐Aneignungsver‐mögen von P‐, Fe‐, Al‐mobilisierenden Arten (Lupinus albus L., Lupinus angustifolius L.) im Vergleich zu einer nicht mobili‐sierenden Pflanzenart (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). Die Pflanzen wuchsen in zwei stark unterschiedlichen Böden (saurer Humuspodsol, karbonathaltiger Lössunterboden). Die Cd‐Aufnahme in die Sprosse war bei Weidelgras 5 bis 10 mal höher als bei Blauen bzw. Weißen Lupinen. Dieses Ergebnis hat mehrere Ursachen: 1. Das Wurzellängen/Sprossmasseverhältnis des Weidelgrases ist 2—3 mal größer als das der Lupinenpflanzen. 2. Bei Weidelgras wird ein größerer Teil des aufgenommenen Cd in die Sprosse verlagert. 3. Die Cd‐Aufnahme bei Lupinen ist im sauren Boden (Podsol) und bei P‐Mangel auch im Kalkboden niedriger als bei Weidelgras. Während im Podsol die Cd‐Konzentration der Bodenlösung unter Lupine geringer war als in der Kontrolle (Gefäße ohne Pflanzen), war sie im Kalkboden höher. Bei den Lupinen war der Efflux organischer Säureanionen, vor allem Citrat und Malat, um den Faktor 10—100 höher als bei Weidelgras. Diese Exsudation kann zu einer hohen Cd‐Komplexierung, insbesondere durch Citrat, in der Rhizosphärenbodenlösung führen (˜ 85%). Diese Ergebenisse deuten darauf hin, dass das komplexierte Cd von den Wurzeln schlechter aufgenommen wird als das freie Cd.     

Cryopreservation of trochophore larvae from the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria: Evaluation of the cryoprotectant toxicity,cooling rate and thawing temperature

Aquaculture of hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria is a $65 million industry along the east coast and Gulf of Mexico coast in the United States. The goal of this study was to develop a preliminary protocol to cryopreserve trochophore larvae of hard clams. The objectives were to evaluate the: 1) toxicity of cryoprotectants, including dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), propylene glycol, ethylene glycol and glycerol, at 5, 10, 15 and 20% for exposure time of 1, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 min; 2) effects of cooling rates (5, 10, 20 and 30°C/min for the first trial; and 1, 3 and 5°C/min for second trial from 4 to ?80°C), thawing temperature (30, 40 and 50°C) and their interactions on post‐thaw viability. A basic protocol was concluded as: 15‐hr trochophore larvae mixed with DMSO or propylene glycol (5, 10%), equilibrated for 15 min, cooled in a programmable freezer from 4 to ?80°C at a cooling rate of 5°C/min and thawed at 50°C for 6 s. With this protocol, the immediate post‐thaw trochophore survival was 23 ± 14%, and survival to D‐stage was 27 ± 14%. This is the first report on larval cryopreservation in the hard clam and would have application for genetic breeding and seed production.     

Comparison of remote sensing indices for monitoring of desert cienegas

This research considers the applicability of different vegetation indices at 30 m resolution for mapping and monitoring desert wetland (cienega) health and spatial extent through time at Cienega Creek in southeastern Arizona, USA. Multiple stressors including the risk of decadal-scale drought, the effects of current and predicted global warming, and continued anthropogenic pressures threaten aquatic habitats in the southwest and cienegas are recognized as important sites for conservation and restoration efforts. However, cienegas present a challenge to satellite-imagery based analysis due to their small size and mixed surface cover of open water, exposed soils, and vegetation. We created time series of five well-known vegetation indices using annual Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images retrieved during the April–June dry season, from 1984 to 2011 to map landscape-level distribution of wetlands and monitor the temporal dynamics of individual sites. Indices included the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), and the Normalized Difference Infrared Index (NDII). One topographic index, the Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), was analyzed to examine the utility of topography in mapping distribution of cienegas. Our results indicate that the NDII, calculated using Landsat TM band 5, outperforms the other indices at differentiating cienegas from riparian and upland sites, and was the best means to analyze change. As such, it offers a critical baseline for future studies that seek to extend the analysis of cienegas to other regions and time scales, and has broader applicability to the remote sensing of wetland features in arid landscapes.     

Profiling of the Molecular Weight and Structural Isomer Abundance of Macroalgae-Derived Phlorotannins

Phlorotannins are a group of complex polymers of phloroglucinol (1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene) unique to macroalgae. These phenolic compounds are integral structural components of the cell wall in brown algae, but also play many secondary ecological roles such as protection from UV radiation and defense against grazing. This study employed Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) with tandem mass spectrometry to investigate isomeric complexity and observed differences in phlorotannins derived from macroalgae harvested off the Irish coast (Fucus serratus, Fucus vesiculosus, Himanthalia elongata and Cystoseira nodicaulis). Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content assays were used as an index for producing phlorotannin fractions, enriched using molecular weight cut-off dialysis with subsequent flash chromatography to profile phlorotannin isomers in these macroalgae. These fractions were profiled using UPLC-MS with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and the level of isomerization for specific molecular weight phlorotannins between 3 and 16 monomers were determined. The majority of the low molecular weight (LMW) phlorotannins were found to have a molecular weight range equivalent to 4–12 monomers of phloroglucinol. The level of isomerization within the individual macroalgal species differed, resulting in substantially different numbers of phlorotannin isomers for particular molecular weights. F. vesiculosus had the highest number of isomers of 61 at one specific molecular mass, corresponding to 12 phloroglucinol units (PGUs). These results highlight the complex nature of these extracts and emphasize the challenges involved in structural elucidation of these compounds.     

Sprouting Ability and Seasonal Changes of Sugar Concentrations in Rhizomes of Calystegia sepium and Roots of Convolvulus arvensis

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Factors influencing the sprouting ability of rhizome pieces of Calystegia sepium and root pieces of Convolvulus arvensis were analyzed in four...