Die Genauigkeit von Messungsmethoden und Messungsergebnissen bei Holzmassenermittlungen

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Mißbildungen bei Nachkommen von Besamungsbullen

Inhalt: Auf Grand fünfjähriger systematischer Registrierung der angeborenen Anomalien bei allen Rinderrassen des Landes Hessen wird festgestellt, daß unter den Nachkommen von Besamungsbullen prozentual nicht mehr mißgebildete Kälber auftreten als bei den Nachkommen von Bullen, die im Natursprung eingesetzt waren. Das breitgestreute Spektrum der Organdefekte umfaßt etwa 43 Mißbildungskategorien und Mißbildungssyndrome; das Zentralnervensystem ist mit ca. 25% am häufigsten beteiligt. Die Aufstellung von "Teratograrnnaen" der Nachkommengruppen ermöglicht die verhältnismäßig frühzeitige Testung von Jungbullen, die für den Einsatz in der KB vorgesehen sind. Da zwischen Nachkommenzahl (Einsatzdauer) der einzelnen Bullen und Mißbildungshäufigkeit bei ihren Nachkommen positive Beziehungen bestehen, bedeuten signifikante Abweichungen von diesen "Normalwerten" der Mißbildungsfrequenzen innerhalb der Nachkommengrößenklassen besondere genetische Situationen der Väter. Diese können in der Anlage für besondere pathologische Merkmale bestehen oder sich in zufallsbedingten embryonalen Entwicklungs-storungen mannigfacher Art als Folge einer individuellen Genomlabilität der Embryonen äußern .     

Der bayerische Pflanzenschutzdienst stellt sich vor

After a brief overview covering the history and development of the Plant Protection Service in Bavaria since 1900 the Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture which was founded on January 1st, 2003 is described. The Institute for Plant Protection as part of the Research Center is the central institution in Bavaria focusing on plant protection and taking responsibility for plant protection issues. The Institute for Plant Protection is supported by seven main offices of agriculture and forestry. Practical advice for growers concerning plant protection is given by 27 plant protection teams located at the offices of agriculture and forestry at the administrative district level. The following main issues are presented:

development of disease forecasting models,

law enforcement,

diagnosis of diseases and pests,

net of agrarmeteorological stations in Bavaria

     

The application of knowledge synthesis methods in agri-food public health: Recent advancements,challenges and opportunities

Knowledge synthesis refers to the integration of findings from individual research studies on a given topic or question into the global knowledge base. The application of knowledge synthesis methods, particularly systematic reviews and meta-analysis, has increased considerably in the agri-food public health sector over the past decade and this trend is expected to continue. The objectives of our review were: (1) to describe the most promising knowledge synthesis methods and their applicability in agri-food public health, and (2) to summarize the recent advancements, challenges, and opportunities in the use of systematic review and meta-analysis methods in this sector. We performed a structured review of knowledge synthesis literature from various disciplines to address the first objective, and used comprehensive insights and experiences in applying these methods in the agri-food public health sector to inform the second objective. We describe five knowledge synthesis methods that can be used to address various agri-food public health questions or topics under different conditions and contexts. Scoping reviews describe the main characteristics and knowledge gaps in a broad research field and can be used to evaluate opportunities for prioritizing focused questions for related systematic reviews. Structured rapid reviews are streamlined systematic reviews conducted within a short timeframe to inform urgent decision-making. Mixed-method and qualitative reviews synthesize diverse sources of contextual knowledge (e.g. socio-cognitive, economic, and feasibility considerations). Systematic reviews are a structured and transparent method used to summarize and synthesize literature on a clearly-defined question, and meta-analysis is the statistical combination of data from multiple individual studies. We briefly describe and discuss key advancements in the use of systematic reviews and meta-analysis, including: risk-of-bias assessments; an overall quality-of-evidence approach; engagement of stakeholders; Bayesian, multivariate, and network meta-analysis; and synthesis of diagnostic test accuracy studies. We also highlight several challenges and opportunities in the conduct of systematic reviews (e.g. inclusion of grey literature, minimizing language bias, and optimizing search strategies) and meta-analysis (e.g. inclusion of observational studies and approaches to address the insufficient reporting of data and significant heterogeneity). Many of these developments have yet to be comprehensively applied and evaluated in an agri-food public health context, and more research is needed in this area. There is a need to strengthen knowledge synthesis capacity and infrastructure at the regional, national, and international levels in this sector to ensure that the best available knowledge is used to inform future decision-making about agri-food public health issues.     

Control of nutrient-sensitive transcription programs by the unconventional prefoldin URI

Prefoldins (PFDs) are members of a recently identified, small-molecular weight protein family able to assemble into molecular chaperone complexes. Here we describe an unusually large member of this family, termed URI, that forms complexes with other small-molecular weight PFDs and with RPB5, a shared subunit of all three RNA polymerases. Functional analysis of the yeast and human orthologs of URI revealed that both are targets of nutrient signaling and participate in gene expression controlled by the TOR kinase. Thus, URI is a component of a signaling pathway that coordinates nutrient availability with gene expression.     

Coding properties of 7-methylguanine

The abnormal base, 7-methylguanine, has been introduced into copolymers of uridylic and guanylic acids by methylation under controlled conditions. The resulting methylated copolymers have a markedly decreased template activity for polypeptide synthesis in vitro due to steric effects of the 7-methyl groups. Contrary to expectation, these polymers do not permit incorporation of amino acids whose codons contain the bases uracil and adenine.     

Plasma homocysteine and glycine are sensitive indices of folate status in a rodent model of folate depletion and repletion

The objectives of the current studies included the characterization of the temporal changes in indices of folate status and amino acid concentrations during both folate depletion and repletion phases. In trial 1, a 6 week folate depletion protocol was employed, using 60 weanling rats assigned to receive an amino acid-defined diet with or without 1 mg/kg folic acid. A 4 week folate depletion period was judged to be optimal on the basis of the development of nadirs in both plasma and hepatic folate stores and elevated (>6-fold relative to folate-adequate controls) concentrations of plasma homocysteine and glycine. In trial 2, 54 weanling rats, previously maintained on a folate-devoid diet for 4 weeks, were assigned to receive 0.25 mg/kg folate as either crystalline folic acid or folate from a folate-enriched egg yolk powder. Both forms of folate supported similar rates of gain, increases in plasma and hepatic folate stores, and reductions in plasma glycine concentrations, whereas the folate in egg yolk powder lowered plasma homocysteine concentrations further than the crystalline folic acid (P < 0.05). These data support the use of both plasma glycine and homocysteine as sensitive response criteria for folate status in a rat bioassay of folate depletion and repletion and establish appropriate temporal end-points for such studies.