头孢拉定对母猪产后肺炎的疗效试验

进行了头孢拉定对母猪产后肺炎混合感染的疗效试验,并设对照组进行比较.结果：静脉注射头孢拉定组治愈率、死亡率、仔猪发病率、仔猪成活率、仔猪断奶体质量分别为86.67%、0、12.5%、90.5%和6.3 kg;统计学分析结果显示,静脉注射头孢拉定组的治愈率、仔猪成活率和仔猪断奶重显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）,死亡率、仔猪发病率明显低于对照组（P＜0.01）,疗效显著.     

Temporal aspects of the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Great Britain: holding-associated risk factors for the disease

The objectives of this study were first to describe the pattern of the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in Great Britain in terms of the temporal change in the proportion of all cattle holdings that had experienced at least one confirmed case of BSE to June 30, 1997, and secondly to identify risk factors that influenced the date of onset of a holding's first confirmed BSE case. The analyses were based on the population of British cattle at risk, derived from agricultural census data collected between 1986 and 1996, and the BSE case data collected up to June 30, 1997. The unit of interest was the cattle holding and included all those recorded at least once on annual agricultural censuses conducted between June 30, 1986, and June 30, 1996. The outcome of interest was the date on which clinical signs were recorded in a holding's first confirmed case of BSE, termed the BSE onset date. Univariate and multivariate survival analysis techniques were used to describe the temporal pattern of the epidemic. The BSE epidemic in Great Britain started in November 1986, with the majority of affected holdings having their BSE onset date after February 1992. After adjusting for the effect of the size and type of holding, holdings in the south of England (specifically those in the Eastern, South east and South west regions) had 2.22 to 2.43 (95 per cent confidence interval [CI] 2.07 to 2.58) times as great a monthly hazard of having a BSE index case as holdings in Scotland. After adjusting for the effect of region and type of holding, holdings with more than 53 adult cattle had 5.91 (95 per cent CI 5.62 to 6.21) times as great a monthly hazard of having a BSE index case as holdings with seven to 21 adult cattle. Dairy holdings had 3.06 (95 per cent CI 2.96 to 3.16) times as great a monthly hazard of having a BSE index case as beef suckler holdings. These analyses show that there were different rates of onset in different regions and in holdings of different sizes and types, that the epidemic was propagated most strongly in the south of the country, and that the growth of the epidemic followed essentially the same pattern in each region of the country, with modest temporal lags between them. The control measures imposed in 1988 and 1990 brought the expansion of the epidemic under control, although the rate of progress was slowed by those regions where the effectiveness of the control methods took some time to take full effect.     

Descriptive spatial analysis of the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Great Britain to June 1997

This was a spatial analysis of the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in Great Britain, based on agricultural census data collected between 1986 and 1996 and BSE case data collected up to June 1997. Kernel smoothing techniques were used to plot the distribution of BSE-positive cattle holdings per 100 holdings per square kilometre and the distribution of confirmed BSE cases per 100 head of cattle per square kilometre. In the early stages of the epidemic reported BSE cases were scattered widely throughout Great Britain, with no clearly identifiable focus. By June 1997, a statistically significant cluster of BSE-positive holdings was identifiable in the eastern part of the South west region of England. During the epidemic the highest densities of confirmed BSE cases per 100 cattle per square kilometre occurred in the greater part of the South west region of England and within Dyfed in the south west of Wales. In Wales, a small number of holdings experienced large numbers of confirmed BSE cases. In the South west region of England a large number of holdings experienced small numbers of confirmed cases. By June 1997, the distribution of BSE-positive holdings across Great Britain was largely determined by factors that influenced the amount of recycled infectious material they were exposed to.     

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and related diseases: an epidemiological overview

Following the recognition of the novel disease bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Great Britain in 1986, epidemiological and other research studies were initiated. The initial results of these studies revealed that bovine spongiform encephalopathy was caused by a scrapie-like agent and the vehicle of infection was meat-and-bone meal incorporated into cattle feedstuffs as a protein source. The British cattle population became effectively exposed in 1981-82 and this was associated with a dramatic reduction in the use of hydrocarbon solvents for the extraction of fat in the production of meat-and-bone meal. The feeding of ruminant-derived protein to ruminants was statutorily banned in July 1988 to prevent further exposure from the food-borne source. This paper reviews the epidemiological aspects of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and the occurrence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in other species.     

Tumour angiogenesis,anti‐angiogenic therapy and chemotherapeutic resistance

In order for a tumour to continue to grow and disseminate, it must acquire a new blood supply. Neovascularisation can be enacted by a number of different mechanisms. This dependence of tumour progression on an augmented vascular supply has been exploited by the development of anti‐angiogenic drugs, which are designed to inhibit new blood vessel formation or disrupt existing tumour‐associated vasculature, both leading to ischaemic–hypoxic tumour cell death. However, the clinical benefits of these therapeutic approaches are frequently variable and often transient, the neoplasm sometimes being able to use other neovascularisation mechanisms to maintain its blood supply and thus evade the current anti‐angiogenic therapy. Tumours may also develop a more malignant phenotype following this treatment. Clinical outcomes may be improved by simultaneously inhibiting different angiogenic pathways, abetted by more effective drug delivery regimens such as metronomic chemotherapy and the concurrent use of other antitumour modalities.     

Analysis of data from the passive surveillance of scrapie in Great Britain between 1993 and 2002

Reports of clinical scrapie in Great Britain between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 2002 were reviewed. Scrapie was confirmed in 4142 sheep on 1099 holdings. The cumulative case and holding incidence risks decreased in 2001, probably owing to the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease, although there were regional variations. Sheep aged between three and four years old constituted the largest affected group. In the period between 1998 and 2002, 51.3 per cent of the cases had the genotype ARQ/VRQ, 19.3 per cent were ARQ/ARQ and 18.9 per cent were VRQ/VRQ; Swaledale, Shetland and Welsh mountain sheep were the most common pure breeds reported. The areas at highest risk were the Shetland Islands, followed by the south and east of England.     

Serial Transrectal Ultrasonography for Monitoring the Reproductive Activity of the Asiatic Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus ussuricus)

This study evaluated the structural changes in the reproductive tract of Asiatic black bears using serial transrectal ultrasonography. In addition, the ultrasonographic observations were compared with the results of vaginal cytology and hormonal analyses. The collection of blood for hormonal analysis, vaginal cytology and transrectal ultrasonography was performed in two bears (Bears 1 and 2) from June 2011 to August 2013 without mating and in a third bear (Bear 3) from April to December 2012, allowing natural mating. Serial ultrasonographic observations showed cyclic changes in ovarian structures (e.g. emergence of small follicles, growth and ovulation of dominant follicles and corpus luteum (CL) formation) during the reproductive cycles of the three bears. The diameter of the uterine horns remained similar throughout the reproductive cycle in Bears 1 and 2, and it remained similar from April until October, but an enlargement containing foetuses was observed in Bear 3 in December. The ultrasonographic observations were consistent with the data obtained through vaginal cytology and progesterone analysis during the reproductive cycle. An average of 4.0 (±0.4) dominant follicles was observed during the oestrous stage (May‐August), during which the superficial cells accounted for >90% of the total vaginal cells. In addition, the detection of an average of 2.6 (±0.2) CL was associated with increased plasma progesterone concentrations (3.0 ± 0.4 ng/ml) between June and December (near hibernation). In conclusion, serial transrectal ultrasonography demonstrated yearly oestrous (ovulation) cycles via follicular dynamics and CL formation on ovaries, accordingly with vaginal cytology and hormonal level in the Asiatic black bear.