Knotwood and bark extracts: strong antioxidants from waste materials

The antioxidant properties of hydrophilic extracts of knotwood of several industrially important tree species were evaluated by lipid-peroxidation inhibition and peroxyl-trapping capacity tests. The results were compared with the antioxidant properties of hydrophilic extracts of bark, and pure lignans and flavonoids isolated from knotwood extracts. The knot extracts from several tree species were stronger antioxidants than the bark extracts, which can, however, also be classified as strong antioxidants. In addition, the antioxidant properties of most of the knotwood extracts are stronger than the pure compounds. It is concluded that knotwood is a rich source of natural antioxidants.     

Intra-annual variations in climate influence growth and wood density of Norway spruce

Intra-annual radial growth variations of two Norway spruce trees (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were monitored over 4 years, at four heights up the stem, by means of point-dendrometers. The trees were then felled and radial wood samples were cut from the radii that had been monitored by the dendrometers and analyzed for density. From the radial growth measurements recorded by the dendrometers, we related positions within the rings to dates, thus making possible investigation of the relationships between changes within the rings in wood density and fluctuations in climate or growth rate. Radial growth started in early April and ended, with large intra-annual differences, in August or September. Short-term variations in growth rate were related to fluctuations in climate parameters and soil water reserves. The sensitivity of radial growth to climate decreased with stem height. Wood density responded strongly to drought events, and a dry period in June 1996 induced false-ring formation. Wood density was relatively independent of growth rate and climatic conditions during the first part of the growing season, but increased with decreasing radial growth rate later in the growing season.     

Grazing and fertilizer management for establishment of Lotus uliginosus and Trifolium subterraneum under Pinus radiata in southern Chile

An experiment was conducted in southern Chile to study the effect of tree cover (0 or 200 stems of 13-year-old Pinus radiate/ha), grazing severity (8 or 12 cm height at commencement of grazing by sheep) and fertilizer application rate (low or high) on the establishment and growth of Lotus uliginosus and Trifolium subterraneum, when sown in conjunction with Festuca arundinacea. The establishment of both legumes was greater in the agroforestry than the open field, and the percentage of viable seeds that were established was greater for Trifolium than Lotus. Festuca established better when sown in conjunction with Lotus in the open field. During the two years after stand establishment there was a greater reduction in the ground cover and dry matter (DM) yield of both legumes, but in particular Trifolium, in the agroforestry than in the open field. In the second year of grazing Trifolium contributed less than 9% of total DM yield in the agroforestry, compared with 22% for Lotus. The ground cover of Lotus was increased by a tall grazing height in the agroforestry, whereas Trifolium increased its cover when the grazing height was short. Additional fertilizer at establishment had a greater effect in increasing herbage yield in the open field than in agroforestry. It is concluded that both Lotus and Trifolium establishments are greater in agroforestry than in an open field, but that in agroforestry there is a reduction in legume yield over time, particularly of Trifolium. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Raupen des MondvogelsPhalera bucephala L. (Lepid., Notodontidae) als Schädlinge an Obstgehölzen

Caterpillars of the buff-tip moth, Phalera bucephala L. (Lepid., Notodontidae) attacking cherry trees Observations were made on caterpillars of P. bucephala attacking cherry trees in 1972 near Schkopau (DDR). Informations are given about the symptoms of damage as well as about the food quantity needed by the pest larvae.     

Möglichkeiten,Grenzen und Aufgaben einer Kartierung von Pflanzenschädlingen

Ohne ZusammenfassungFür die Förderung der Arbeit danke ich Herrn Prof. Dr. H. v. Lengerken.     

Explaining variation in Brazil nut fruit production

Brazil nut is widely recognized as the cornerstone of the Amazonian extractive economy. Tight linkages between Brazil nut production, regional income, and intact mature forests have thrust this species into focus as a key component of Amazonian conservation and income generation strategies. Nonetheless, a comprehensive synthesis of factors explaining Brazil nut fruit production variation is lacking. We aimed to address this knowledge gap, asking: (1) What are the rates and annual variation of Bertholletia excelsa fruit production at individual and population levels? (2) What factors explain B. excelsa production variation, focusing on spatial and temporal variables, diameter at breast height (dbh), crown attributes, liana loads, and soil attributes? and (3) Does liana cutting affect fruit production?     

Chitin and glucans detected in the cell walls of Pythium dimorphum—an oomycetous fungus

With aid of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and gold-labelled lectins, together with antibodies against chitinase and β-1,3-glucanases, the spatial distribution of chitin and glucans in hyphal walls of Pythium dimorphum, a causative agent of root die-back disease of conifer seedlings was studied. Contrary to previous reports, this study revealed that chitin, a polymer of N-acetyl-d -glucosamine, is a component of the cell wall of this oomycetous fungus. However, compared with the other amino sugar, N-acetyl-galactosamine, it is not present in significant amounts. Ultrastructural and labelling studies demonstrated that the chitin region is embedded in or masked by glucan residues.     

Effects of Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud and Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit on growth and development of Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel.

Field studies carried out in a forest transition site on a tropical Alfisol in southwestern Nigeria, show that shading by gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud) and leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) hedgerow species reduced density of speargrass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel) by 67% and 51%, respectively. Shoot biomass of speargrass decreased by 81% and 78% in gliricidia and leucaena hedgerows, respectively. Reduction in speargrass rhizome biomass in gliricidia plots was 96% while rhizome reduction in the leucaena plots was nearly 90%. Rhizome mortality was significantly higher in gliricidia plots than in leucaena and control plots. The bulk of rhizomes was found between 10 cm and 20 cm of soil depth but rhizome did not penetrate further than 30 cm depth in the Alfisol in which this study was carried out. Gliricidia was better than leucaena hedgerow species in suppressing speargrass.     

Das Problem der Verwendung chemischer Schädlingsbekämpfungsmittel

Zusammenfassung Die Technisierung der Landwirtschaft und der Einsatz immer neuer chemischer Mittel in immer größerem Umfange zur Steigerung der Erträgnisse und Bewahrung der Ernte vor Verlusten sind, so bedauerlich dies auch aus vielen Gründen sein mag, nicht aufzuhalten.Über die Verantwortung und Verpflichtung aller Beteiligten, alles für den Schutz der mit der Anwendung der chemischen Schädlingsbekämpfungsmittel beschäftigten Menschen und der Masse der Konsumenten zu tun, kann kein Zweifel bestehen.Notwendig ist eine Umstellung im Denken vieler in der Praxis Tätigen, vor allem im Sinne einer Anerkennung der Eigenverantwortung für die eigene Gesundheit und die des Mitmenschen.Die Bearbeitung der vordringlichen Aufgaben und die Lösung der wichtigsten Fragen steht und fällt mit der Bereitstellung größerer Mittel für eigens zu errichtende Untersuchungsstellen, wobei die amerikanischen Verhältnisse in gewissem Umfange als Muster dienen können. Die Dringlichkeit und der Umfang der Probleme lassen eine oberflächliche und zweitrangige Bearbeitung unzweckmäßig erscheinen. Auf dem Gebiet der Gesunderhaltung der Bevölkerung gibt es wohl kaum eine wichtigere Aufgabe als die Bearbeitung der hier umrissenen Fragen.     

Tree crop based agroforestry in Nigeria: a checklist of crops intercropped with cocoa

A survey of cocoa farmers in Bendel, Ogun, Ondo and Oyo States of Nigeria, carried out in 1985, showed that almost all the farmers intercropped other crops with cocoa. The intercrops included food crops such as plantain (92.3), cocoyam (85.7%), cassava (51.3%), yam (41.3%), maize (38.9%), melon (31.4%), cowpea (28.6%) and pineapple (26.0%) and tree crops such as oil palm (71.5%), kola (67.3%), coffee (41.0%), coconut (7.9%) and citrus (7.2%). Other crops are ewe-iran (Sarcophrynium brachystachys) and ewe-gbodogi (Megaphrynium macrostachyum) (45.2%), african walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) (42.2%), aligator pepper (Aframomum melegueta) (31.6%), and iyere (Piper guinense) (20.2%). Guava, mango, pawpaw and vegetables such as celosia, okra and solanum occur in cocoa plots at rather low frequencies. As many as six or more other crops can be intercropped with cocoa at the same time.