Ca~(2 )对芒果果实后熟效应的研究

以７～８成熟的芒果果实为材料,比较果实减压渗钙与否对后熟的效应,研究与果实后熟相关酶类的活性和钙调蛋白（ＣａＭ）含量的动态变化,寻找它们之间的相互关系。结果表明：对照果实或者Ｃａ２＋处理果实在后熟过程中,ＣａＭ含量均发生变化,与此同时,伴随着多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（ＰＧ）、淀粉酶（Ａｍｇｌａｓｅ）活性的变化,它们之间存在极显著的相关性。Ｃａ２＋对果实后熟具有双重效应,当Ｃａ２＋处理果实置于室温下时,ＣａＭ含量、ＰＧ、淀粉酶活性明显受到抑制,后熟延缓。但把Ｃａ２＋处理果实冷藏（１２ ｄ）后回至室温第 ３～４ ｄ时,或直接减压渗钙果肉切片,其ＣａＭ含量、ＰＧ、淀粉酶活性增加,后熟加快。外源乙烯能解除Ｃａ２＋的抑制效应。并讨论了Ｃａ２＋的这些效应的可能机制。     

氧化-生物双降解地膜对棉花生长影响及降解效果

研究氧化-生物双降解地膜对棉花生长的影响及降解效果,为氧化-生物双降解地膜代替普通聚乙烯地膜的可行性及推广应用提供理论参考。试验采用2种不同配方的氧化-生物双降解地膜,以普通聚乙烯地膜作为对照,分析不同降解地膜对棉花生长及产量的影响,观测增温保墒效果,明确降解性能。结果表明：2种降解地膜对棉花生育期、农艺性状、产量性状和纤维品质未产生显著影响,籽棉产量和增温保墒效果与普通地膜基本相同;诱导期为39 d的2018新疆阿拉尔棉花1号降解膜降解率达47.3 %,显著高于其他处理,具有较高的应用价值。     

黄土坡面细沟形态变化及其与流速之间的关系

研究细沟的形态变化特征是认识细沟侵蚀的重要基础,细沟发育过程中细沟形态变化与水流动力学特性之间存在相互影响和相互作用的关系,研究细沟发育过程中细沟形态与水动力学之间的关系,有利于更好地了解细沟侵蚀过程和侵蚀机理。该研究通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,对黄土坡面细沟发育过程中的细沟形态变化及其与流速的关系进行了研究。结果表明:坡面侵蚀过程呈明显的阶段性,坡面细沟形态变化过程与坡面径流含沙量的变化情况基本一致;坡面跌坎发生的临界流速为0.19~0.21 m/s,当坡面径流流速大于这个临界值的时候,坡面会出现跌坎;细沟发育初期,细沟间的距离一定程度上影响细沟的分布,最早出现的细沟之间不会再出现新的跌坎,这一间距范围在12.5~17.5 cm之间;细沟侵蚀过程主要以下切侵蚀和溯源侵蚀为主,沟壁坍塌的侵蚀作用相对较小;细沟流速随时间的变化大致呈先增后减的趋势,细沟流速随细沟宽度的增加而显著减小,这一趋势在4 m坡段尤为明显,二者之间存在显著负相关关系(r=-0.348,P=0.04)。受试验条件所限没有研究细沟深度和流速等其他水动力学参数,以后需要不断改进试验方法来准确测量流速、水深等指标,进一步研究细沟发育过程。     

Effects of soil moisture on gross N transformations and N2O emission in acid subtropical forest soils

Soil moisture changes, arising from seasonal variation or from global climate changes, could influence soil nitrogen (N) transformation rates and N availability in unfertilized subtropical forests. A ¹⁵?N dilution study was carried out to investigate the effects of soil moisture change (30–90 % water-holding capacity (WHC)) on potential gross N transformation rates and N₂O and NO emissions in two contrasting (broad-leaved vs. coniferous) subtropical forest soils. Gross N mineralization rates were more sensitive to soil moisture change than gross NH₄ ⁺ immobilization rates for both forest soils. Gross nitrification rates gradually increased with increasing soil moisture in both forest soils. Thus, enhanced N availability at higher soil moisture values was attributed to increasing gross N mineralization and nitrification rates over the immobilization rate. The natural N enrichment in humid subtropical forest soils may partially be due to fast N mineralization and nitrification under relatively higher soil moisture. In broad-leaved forest soil, the high N₂O and NO emissions occurred at 30 % WHC, while the reverse was true in coniferous forest soil. Therefore, we propose that there are different mechanisms regulating N₂O and NO emissions between broad-leaved and coniferous forest soils. In coniferous forest soil, nitrification may be the primary process responsible for N₂O and NO emissions, while in broad-leaved forest soil, N₂O and NO emissions may originate from the denitrification process.     

Soil nitrogen balance and nitrogen utilization of winter wheat affected by straw management and nitrogen application in the Yangtze river basin of China

Straw incorporation is a useful management practice in sustainable agricultural systems to improve soil fertility and to reduce air pollution from straw burning. A three-year field experiment was conducted under two rice straw managements and four nitrogen (N) application rates in Rugao, China during 2010–2013, to examine whether straw management practices integrated with fertilizer N applications affect crop yield, N balance and N use efficiency in the wheat season of rice-wheat cropping systems. The results showed that straw incorporation had positive effects on plant N uptake and grain yield. This may be attributed to the greater soil water content and lower amount of seasonal rainfall. However, straw incorporation resulted in lower soil inorganic N and more N surplus at the early growth stage. Grain yield had a significant relation with wheat N uptake from sowing to jointing and from jointing to anthesis with straw incorporation. Therefore, our results suggest that in adjusting the ratio of basal and topdressing N fertilizer, it is important for the supply of optimum N to the crop and to maintain grain production with straw incorporation.     

Effects of part and whole straw returning on soil carbon sequestration in C3–C4 rotation cropland

Long‐term no‐tillage management and crop residue amendments to soil were identified as an effective measure to increase soil organic carbon (SOC). The SOC content, SOC stock (SOCs), soil carbon sequestration rate (CSR), and carbon pool management index (CPMI) were measured. A stable isotopic approach was used to evaluate the contributions of wheat and maize residues to SOC at a long‐term experimental site. We hypothesized that under no‐tillage conditions, straw retention quantity would affect soil carbon sequestration differently in surface and deep soil, and the contribution of C3 and C4 crops to soil carbon sequestration would be different. This study involved four maize straw returning treatments, which included no maize straw returning (NT‐0), 0.5 m (from the soil surface) maize straw returning (NT‐0.5), 1 m maize straw returning (NT‐1), and whole maize straw returning (NT‐W). The results showed that in the 0–20 cm soil layer, the SOC content, SOCs, CSR and CPMI of the NT‐W were highest after 14 years of no‐tillage management, and there were obvious differences among the four treatments. However, the SOC, SOCs, and CSR of the NT‐0.5 and NT‐W were the highest and lowest in 20–100 cm, respectively. The value of δ¹³C showed an obviously vertical variability that ranged from –22.01‰ (NT‐1) in the 0–20 cm layer to –18.27‰ (NT‐0.5) in the 60–80 cm layer, with enriched δ¹³C in the 60–80 cm (NT‐0.5 and NT‐1) and 80–100 cm (NT‐0 and NT‐W) layers. The contributions of the wheat and maize‐derived SOC of the NT‐0.5, NT‐1 and NT‐W increased by 11.4, 29.5 and 56.3% and by 10.7, 15.1 and 40.1%, relative to those in the NT‐0 treatment in the 0–20 cm soil layer, respectively. In conclusion, there was no apparent difference in total SOC sequestration between the NT‐0.5, NT‐1, and NT‐W treatments in the 0–100 cm soil layer. The contribution of wheat‐derived SOC was higher than that of maize‐derived SOC.     

贵州省黎平县地表覆被变化引起的生态系统碳储量变化

[目的]对贵州省黎平县地表覆被变化引起的生态系统碳储量变化进行评估,为区域碳源和碳汇管理及"大生态"发展目标提供科学依据。[方法]基于黎平县2005,2010和2015年3期土地利用数据,结合CA-Markov模型和InVEST模型碳储量模块,在对土地利用变化趋势进行分析的基础上定量评估了研究区2005—2025年生态系统固碳能力。[结果]①2005—2015年,黎平县耕地、林地、未利用地呈减少趋势,草地、建设用地、水域呈增加趋势。②2015—2025年土地利用整体变化趋势与2005—2015年一致但幅度增大。耕地由2005—2015年的降幅2.37%到2015—2025年的增幅4.21%,整体趋势发生转变;③2015年黎平县生态系统总碳储量和平均碳密度分别为9.12×10~7 t和206.61 t/hm~2。自2005年以来分别下降2.00×10~5 t和0.45 t/hm~2。2025年黎平县碳储量和平均碳密度分别为8.98×10~7 t和203.44 t/hm~2。[结论]黎平县生态系统固碳能力呈减弱趋势,林地的大面积转出和建设用地的扩张是碳储量下降的直接原因,未来应加强对土地利用结构的优化。     

行距比例及密度对绿洲灌区玉米水分利用效率的互作效应

探究是否可以将行距比例和种植密度集成于同一作物生产系统中来提高作物产量,增加水分利用效率。以玉米"五谷568"为研究材料,于2017—2018年进行大田试验,设7∶3(L_1,宽行56 cm∶窄行24 cm),6∶4 (L_2,宽行48 cm∶窄行32 cm),5∶5(L_3,等行距40 cm) 3个行距比例水平,82 500株/hm~2(D_1)、90 000株/hm~2(D_2)、97 500株/hm~2(D_3)、105 000株/hm~2(D_4)、112 500株/hm~2(D_5) 5个种植密度,探讨不同行距比例及密度处理对玉米的耗水特征、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,L1行距比例可有效降低玉米耗水量,但会增加棵间蒸发,对E/ET影响不显著,其中2017年L_1较L_3能有效降低耗水量11.9%,2018年无显著差异;此外与传统行距比例相比,L_1行距比例具有增产优势,玉米增产5.2%～10.5%,提高水分利用效率6.5%～8.7%。密度间比较,D_3密度较传统密度D_1能有效降低耗水量、棵间蒸发量以及E/ET,对玉米增产及水分利用效率的提高有促进作用;其中D_3密度较传统密度D_1耗水量降低13.3%,2018年差异不显著;棵间蒸发量减小7.1%～7.2%;E/ET减小6.8%～19.2%;玉米增产7.5%～17.1%;水分利用效率提高23.9%～46.2%。2年L_1D_3较传统处理L_3D_1耗水量降低12.8%～30.6%;棵间蒸发量降低8.5%～10.4%;E/ET降低7.3%～7.5%;玉米产量增加7.7%～25.5%;水分利用效率提高36.0%～41.2%。因此,在河西绿洲灌区,7∶3(L_1,宽行56 cm∶窄行24 cm)行距比例结合97 500株/hm~2(D_3)种植密度可有效增加玉米产量,提高玉米水分利用效率。     

马铃薯薄片干燥过程形态变化三维成像

为研究马铃薯薄片在干燥过程中形态变化规律,该文利用Kinect传感器搭建了图像采集平台,研究其在不同干燥温度下(50、60、70、80℃)的形态变化规律。通过图像采集平台获取马铃薯薄片深度图像和彩色图像,利用彩色图像确定感兴趣区域,对对应区域的深度图像进行灰度值拉伸、阈值分割、边缘去噪处理,进而提取特征,计算出正投影面积的收缩率、深度均值及标准差,以表征马铃薯干燥过程中表面卷曲及平整度等形态指标的变化规律。对不同干燥时间点马铃薯片进行三维图形显示可观察其变化规律明显。统计结果表明:低温(50、60℃)与高温(70、80℃)对马铃薯薄片干燥时的收缩率、卷曲程度具有显著影响(P0.05)。50℃时收缩率为54.97%,80℃时收缩率升高为64.55%;干燥温度与马铃薯片卷曲程度呈先升后降的关系,60℃时卷曲度最大,其深度均值为27.81 mm,80℃时降低到18.86 mm。而四组温度下,马铃薯薄片的平整度具有显著性差异(P0.05),50℃时马铃薯片深度值的标准差为7.99 mm,80℃时降低至5.71mm,说明平整度随着干燥温度升高而增加。该研究可为马铃薯薄片干燥过程中形态变化的检测提供参考,同时为干燥工艺的智能化控制提供技术依据。     

楔形减阻旋耕刀设计与试验

为解决旋耕整地作业阻力大、能耗高等问题,该文基于旋耕刀理论受力模型设计了一种楔形减阻旋耕刀。采用Inventor和HyperMesh软件分别创建国标旋耕刀及楔形减阻旋耕刀的三维模型和切削土壤模型,分析了楔形减阻旋耕刀的应力强度,对比了国标旋耕刀与楔形减阻旋耕刀的切削阻力。通过田间试验对比了国标旋耕刀与楔形减阻旋耕刀的扭矩、功耗与碎土率。结果表明:楔形减阻旋耕刀所受最大应力为29.49 MPa,远小于材料的屈服强度430 MPa,在保证刀身强度的前提下,与国标旋耕刀相比,楔形减阻旋耕刀质量减轻8.3%;平均切削阻力较国标旋耕刀下降10.65%。在相同工况条件下,楔形减阻旋耕刀的平均扭矩为648.916 N·m,较国标旋耕刀下降11.35%;楔形减阻旋耕刀的平均功耗为67.3kW,较国标旋耕刀下降9.29%,碎土率提高4%,耐磨性能与国标旋耕刀持平,能够达到在降低作业功耗的同时,提高耕作质量并保证刀具使用寿命。