Chemotactic response of bovine neutrophils to Pasteurella haemolytica culture fluid

Bovine neutrophil chemotactic activity was detected in the supernatant fluid of logarithmic phase cultures of P. haemolytica serotype 1. The chemoattractant was produced under culture conditions suitable for P. haemolytica leukotoxin production. An inverse correlation existed between the leukotoxin LC50 and the chemotactic activity in the culture fluid. Elimination of leukotoxin activity by heating, dilution or ultrafiltration, exposed the chemotactic activity in the culture fluid. The chemoattractant was partially resistant to heating (60 degrees C, 30 min), and had an apparent molecular weight greater than 100,000. Detection of chemotactic activity in both the concentrate and filtrate after XM300 filtration suggested that there might be more than one component with chemotactic activity or else that polymerization was occurring. Production of a potent neutrophil chemoattractant by P. haemolytica may explain the rapid infiltration of neutrophils that occurs during the early stages of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis.     

小麦赤霉病流行预测初步研究

对1952—1963年病害流行程度与穗期气象要素之間的相关性测定結果表明,各年发病程度与4月下旬至5月下旬(小麦抽穗至糊熟)特別是5月上中旬(小麦开花至灌浆初期)的降雨日数、相对湿度呈明显的正相关;与同期的降雨量、平均气温相关不显著。稻桩上产生的子囊壳是本地区初侵染的主要来源,初侵染的数量和流行程度有关,其数量积累决定于雨湿条件。小麦开花灌浆初期最易感病,此时期降雨日数是病害流行的决定性因素。根据十二年資料分析結果,病害流行可以分为六种类型:早期发生型;中期发生型;后期发生型;少雨限制型;低温限制型;生育提早限制型。根据1957—1963年預测圃小麦开花后二旬內的降雨日数与发病率的相关,以发病率为应变量求出迴归方程式:Y=6.61 X—48.35,为中期預測提出雨日指标。     

Small mammal virology.

Most viral infections in small mammals are transient and rarely produce clinical signs. When clinical signs do appear, they are often of a multifactorial etiology such as respiratory infection with Sendai virus and the bacteria M. pulmonis in rodents. Diagnosis is generally made based on clinical signs, while therapy involves treatment for concurrent bacterial infections and supportive care. Small mammals may carry zoonotic viruses such as LCMV, but natural infections are uncommon. Viral diseases are rare (or largely unknown) for hedgehogs, chinchillas, and prairie dogs, while no known naturally occurring, clinically relevant viral diseases exist for gerbils and sugar gliders. This article is intended to aid the clinician in identifying viral infections in small mammals and to help determine the significance each virus has during clinical disease.     

Review of triazine antiprotozoal drugs used in veterinary medicine

Triazines are relatively new antiprotozoal drugs that have successfully controlled coccidiosis and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. These drugs have favorably treated other protozoal diseases such as neosporosis and toxoplasmosis. In this article, we discuss the pharmacological characteristics of five triazines, toltrazuril, ponazuril, clazuril, diclazuril, and nitromezuril which are used in veterinary medicine to control protozoal diseases which include coccidiosis, equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, neosporosis, and toxoplasmosis.     

Pharmacokinetics of cefquinome in healthy and Pasteurella multocida‐infected rabbits

The pharmacokinetics of cefquinome were studied in healthy and Pasteurella multocida‐infected rabbits after a single intramuscular (IM) injection at 2 mg/kg of its sulfate salt. Twelve female New Zealand white rabbits (2.0–2.5 kg) were used; six of them served as controls, and the other six had been infected with P. multocida; the experiments were conducted 1–2 days after nasal inoculation of P. multocida when rabbits showed the signs of respiratory infection. Plasma concentrations of cefquinome were determined using high‐performance liquid chromatography. The values of elimination half‐life, area under the curve, area under the first moment curve, and mean residence time were significantly lower in infected rabbits (0.48 hr, 4.54 hr*μg/ml, 3.63 hr* hr*μg/ml and 0.8 hr, respectively) than healthy rabbits (0.72 hr, 9.11 hr*μg/ml, 9.85 hr* hr*μg/ml and 1.1 hr, respectively), whereas total body clearance was significantly higher in infected than healthy rabbits. Therefore, P. multocida infection caused significant changes in some of the pharmacokinetic parameters of cefquinome in rabbits. These pharmacokinetic changes may affect dose regimen when used in P. multocida‐infected rabbits.     

Immunogenicity and haemagglutination of recombinant Avibacterium paragallinarum HagA

Inactivated vaccines of Avibacterium paragallinarum provide protection and reduce the economic losses caused by infectious coryza. However, inactivated bacterins provide protection only against the Page serovars included in the vaccine. In this study, we investigated the immunological properties of a functional recombinant haemagglutinin protein (rHagA) derived from a Taiwan isolate strain A9 as the immunogen for vaccination. The rHagA subunit vaccine protected 71% of immunized chickens against 10(10) colony-forming units (CFU) of viable A9. Vaccinated chickens which showed no clinical signs of coryza developed haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers of 1:10 or greater. Haemagglutination (HA) of serovars A and C was not affected by the presence of rHagA specific antiserum. The HA of rHagA could only be induced against formaldehyde-fixed chicken red blood cells (FA-RBCs). These results suggested that HagA is a moderate immunogen and might not be a major haemagglutinin in vivo. However, HagA might be involved in haemagglutination when treated serovar C aggregates fixed RBCs in vitro.     

Incidence,risk factors,and outcomes for early postoperative seizures in dogs with rostrotentorial brain tumors after intracranial surgery

BackgroundSeizures in the early postoperative period after intracranial surgery may affect outcome in dogs.ObjectivesTo determine the incidence of early postoperative seizures (EPS) in dogs with brain tumors, identify specific risk factors for EPS, and determine if EPS affects outcome.AnimalsEighty‐eight dogs that underwent 125 intracranial surgeries for diagnosis and treatment of rostrotentorial brain tumors.MethodsRetrospective cohort study. All patients with a diagnosis of rostrotentorial brain tumor from 2006 to 2020 were included. Early postoperative seizures were diagnosed by observation of seizure activity within 14 days of neurosurgery. Previously diagnosed structural epilepsy, perioperative anticonvulsant drug (ACD) use, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and tumor characteristics were evaluated. Outcome measures included neurologic and nonneurologic complications, duration of hospitalization, and survival to discharge.ResultsDogs with rostrotentorial brain tumors had EPS after 16/125 (12.8%) neurosurgical procedures (95% confidence interval [CI], 7%‐19%). Presence of previous structural epilepsy was not associated with EPS risk (P = 1). Perioperative ACD use also was not associated with EPS (P = .06). Dogs with EPS had longer hospitalization (P < .001), were more likely to have neurologic complications postsurgery (P = .01), and were less likely to survive to discharge (P = .01).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceIt is difficult to predict which dogs are at risk of EPS because the presence of previous structural epilepsy and the use of perioperative ACDs was not associated with EPS. However, seizures in the early postoperative period are clinically important because affected dogs had prolonged hospitalization, more neurologic complications, and decreased short‐term survival.     

智能化海量空间信息分析与地图制图软件包IMAT设计及构建

【目的】在农业与环境研究领域,受研究条件和手段限制,多数研究实际上只能集中于点过程、局部地区或某一时段问题,只能关注某些特定主题相关现象和机制。由此产生大量分散数据。通过坐标关联可以对原先在各自独立研究中获取的不同类型数据与证据进行关联,这种连接可能赋予原先所认知的过程以新的涵义。海量空间数据分析方法能够从多渠道、多角度获得对事物的认知,并能够利用新的数据与证据不断修订假设。大数据分析的主要难点是海量空间信息不仅体量大,还要根据数据异质类型进行差异化抽提、整合和表达,难以采用现有主流软件工具,针对这一问题,本研究旨在创建一个能够以自动化和人机交互方式对异源、异质海量空间信息进行抽提、整合与大尺度、大比例尺专题图表达的专用工具--智能制图工具（IMAT）。【方法】采用海量空间信息分析方法中的流程设计与软件设计原则构建IMAT。总设计由系统体系架构设计、系统数据支撑平台设计、模块与组件模型设计3部分组成。程序采用C#为编程语言,以NET Framework 4 Extended为软件开发环境,同时调用制图软件包ArcGIS、数据库软件包Access与界面制作软件包DotNet Bar控件。【结果】IMAT含38个独立功能模块,覆盖了对农业与环境领域产生的海量空间信息进行抽提与制图表达所需主要功能,各模块既可独立进行某项特定数据分析与处理,例如,海量信息调用、存贮、空间要素统计、分类码审核、赋码、要素筛选、数据整合、制图表达等,也可通过多模块组合,完成一项比较复杂的数据抽提与表达任务,弥补了国内外主流数据库软件包与专业制图软件包与在处理海量空间信息方面的功能缺失。IMAT数据分析对象为海量空间数据库。在进行数据分析时,IMAT能够根据研究目标设定对各异源、异质、异构库进行信息抽提的规则,并以自动化、批量化方式完成海量空间信息的逻辑结构与存储结构整合;在进行制图表达时,IMAT能在全图设定分幅图差异化要素抽提规则,并以智能化、自动化、人机交互方式完成由多图幅组成的大比例尺专题图全图的视图表达。【结论】在对农业与环境主题相关海量空间信息进行分析时,IMAT既适用于土壤类型、土壤质地等以多等级分类系统表示的专题要素,也适用于土壤养分含量、土壤污染物含量、面源污染排放指数等以量化分级指标表达的专题要素;既可用于对多专题要素与图层的综合性信息抽提与复合性制图表达,还能用于进行不同比例尺、不同分幅类型的可视化地图制图。IMAT设计中采用组建化模块与模型设计构筑系统体系架构,提高了设计与研制效率;利用函数化的海量空间数据集四元表达式作为IMAT系统中各空间数据库接口文件,使得IMAT各模块均能够接受和处理处于数据整合与表达进程不同阶段的异质、异构海量空间信息,从而实现了各功能模块的可装配性,分析人员能根据数据抽提、整合和表达目标选择并灵活组合适宜的功能模块。     

The mTOR-regulated phosphoproteome reveals a mechanism of mTORC1-mediated inhibition of growth factor signaling

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) protein kinase is a master growth promoter that nucleates two complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. Despite the diverse processes controlled by mTOR, few substrates are known. We defined the mTOR-regulated phosphoproteome by quantitative mass spectrometry and characterized the primary sequence motif specificity of mTOR using positional scanning peptide libraries. We found that the phosphorylation response to insulin is largely mTOR dependent and that mTOR exhibits a unique preference for proline, hydrophobic, and aromatic residues at the +1 position. The adaptor protein Grb10 was identified as an mTORC1 substrate that mediates the inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase typical of cells lacking tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2), a tumor suppressor and negative regulator of mTORC1. Our work clarifies how mTORC1 inhibits growth factor signaling and opens new areas of investigation in mTOR biology.