半干旱沙地草场地面节肢动物群落对封育措施的响应

以宁夏盐池国家级草原资源生态监测站为依托,选择荒漠草原典型冰草植被类型的封育(5年)与未封育样地对地面节肢动物、植物以及土壤性质进行了调查,同时分析了地面节肢动物对封育后植物和土壤变化的响应。结果表明,封育对地表植被和土壤性质均产生了明显的影响,尤其是植物个体数、高度和盖度以及生物量封育样地显著高于未封育样地(P<0.05)。调查样地共捕获地面节肢动物7目26科28个类群;封育围栏内外共有的优势类群为拟步甲科琵甲属,共有的常见类群有13个类群,共有类群数占总类群数的50%。并且,地面节肢动物对封育亦产生了积极的响应,动物群落个体数、类群数和多样性封育样地均高于未封育样地,但均没有达到显著水平(P>0.05),说明荒漠草原短期封育(5年)对地表植被和地面节肢动物具有不同的生态效应。相关分析表明,地面节肢动物类群数和Shannon指数均与土壤容重呈显著负相关(P<0.05),而优势度指数与土壤容重呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。表明土壤容重是地面节肢动物群落结构封育内外差异的主要影响因素,而且不同地面节肢动物类群对封育内外生境的选择性而表现出不同的响应特征。     

草地根际过程对养分循环调控机制研究进展

了解根际土壤养分碳、氮和磷的转化和循环利用是解决草地农业生态系统可持续利用性和提高草地生产力的根本问题。草地根际过程能够反映土壤碳、氮和磷等养分的周转速率,影响植物、土壤微生物对养分的竞争和捕获,维持根际微环境中各组分的养分平衡,同时与作物相比,草地土壤中养分元素碳、氮和磷的耦合性更强。因此,根际微生态系统结构与功能在维持养分转化和循环等方面具有重要作用。大量文献报道,调控根际微环境改变的关键因素是植物与土壤进行物质交换和信息传递的关键物质-根际分泌物,同时根际分泌物也是介导根际微生物和根际酶活性的关键物质。当草地环境发生改变时,该区域的根际分泌物、根际酶活性和根际土壤的微生物的组成和多样性也将发生根本性改变,从而导致该区域土壤养分的供应量和有效性发生改变,最终影响草地生产力和养分的有效利用效率。因此,深入探究草地根际过程对养分循环的调控机理,对于揭示草地植物与微生物间养分物质的分配利用和养分收益方面具有重要指导意义。综述了根际分泌物、根际酶和根际微生物参与养分循环的机制和互作机理,总结草地根际过程参与养分循环的机制,并对草学领域未来在根际微域的研究进行了一定的展望。     

Diagnostic orientation values for ACTH and other parameters for clinically healthy donkeys and mules (insulin,triglycerides, glucose,fructosamines, and ɣ-GT)

Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction is the most prevalent endocrine disease in horses. Although donkeys and mules may also be affected, only a few data have been published. Reference values for diagnostic parameters, such as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), are especially scarce or even lacking. Therefore, in the present study, available data from the literature have been verified and completed to facilitate a reliable diagnosis. Clinical inspections and haematological and biochemical examinations were carried out four times in a three-month interval (February to November) in 44 donkeys and 31 mules. Data from clinically healthy animals were used as an orientation. Plasma ACTH concentrations showed seasonal changes in both animal groups. However, it was generally higher in donkeys than mules. Although blood glucose (EDTA plasma) showed no difference between groups, serum insulin concentrations were consistently higher in donkeys. Serum fructosamine levels were slightly higher in mules, whereas, in some cases, serum triglyceride levels were considerably higher in donkeys. Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase showed a striking peak in mules in August, whereas the remaining gamma-glutamyltransferase values were lower compared to donkeys. By comparing donkeys and mules, the present work reveals differences in various blood parameters which should be considered for diagnoses and future studies.     

First Steps Towards an Understanding of a Mode ofCarcinogenic Action for Vanadium Pentoxide

Inhalation of vanadium pentoxide clearly increases the incidence of alveolar/bronchiolar neoplasms in male and female B6C3F1 mice at all concentrations tested (1, 2 or 4 mg/m³), whereas responses in F344/N rats was, at most, ambiguous. While vanadium pentoxide is mutagenic in vitro and possibly in vivo in mice, this does not explain the species or site specificity of the neoplastic response. A nose-only inhalation study was conducted in female B6C3F1 mice (0, 0.25, 1 and 4 mg/m³, 6 h/day for 16 days) to explore histopathological, biochemical (α-tocopherol, glutathione and F2-isoprostane) and genetic (comet assays and 9 specific DNA-oxo-adducts) changes in the lungs. No treatment related histopathology was observed at 0.25 mg/m³. At 1 and 4 mg/m³, exposure-dependent increases were observed in lung weight, alveolar histiocytosis, sub-acute alveolitis and/or granulocytic infiltration and a generally time-dependent increased cell proliferation rate of histiocytes. Glutathione was slightly increased, whereas there were no consistent changes in α-tocopherol or 8-isoprostane F2α. There was no evidence for DNA strand breakage in lung or BAL cells, but there was an increase in 8-oxodGuo DNA lesions that could have been due to vanadium pentoxide induction of the lesions or inhibition of repair of spontaneous lesions. Thus, earlier reports of histopathological changes in the lungs after inhalation of vanadium pentoxide were confirmed, but no evidence has yet emerged for a genotoxic mode of action. Evidence is weak for oxidative stress playing any role in lung carcinogenesis at the lowest effective concentrations of vanadium pentoxide.     

Bad基因在黄体期绵羊生殖器官中表达的比较研究

以黄体期小尾寒羊和萨福克羊为研究对象,采用免疫组织化学技术,针对Bad基因在母羊生殖器官卵巢,输卵管和子宫中的表达与定位进行初步研究,在卵巢中Bad基因均在多数黄体细胞中表达;在输卵管宫管结合部、峡部和壶腹部的分泌细胞Bad基因均有不同程度的表达,未发现纤毛细胞Bad阳性细胞;子宫内膜腺体小泡表达Bad阳性,子宫内膜子叶、基质的阳性细胞数极少,阳性细胞呈轻度着色,显弱阳性.利用计算机图像分析技术测量小尾寒羊和萨福克羊Bad基因表达的阳性细胞率和平均光密度,Bad基因在这两种绵羊组织中的表达规律大体相似,也存在一些明显的差异:萨福克羊的黄体细胞较小尾寒羊中的细胞凋亡更明显,萨福克羊输卵管伞部和壶腹部上皮Bad阳性细胞率均高于小尾寒羊,小尾寒羊子宫内膜子叶和基质Bad阳性细胞率和平均先密度均显著高于萨福克(P＜0.01).结果表明,小尾寒羊和萨福克羊生殖器官中细胞凋亡的差异与Bad基因表达的差异,可能是造成两者繁殖力高低差异的基础.     

膜上不同覆土厚度对岩石生长和产量的影响

采取随机区组排列的方式,设置2个不同覆土厚度处理,对岩石进行生长高度、产草量、茎叶比、粗蛋白含量等指标测定,结果表明:覆土厚度1cm时,生长高度和鲜草产量显著高于覆土0.5cm和覆土0cm时的生长高度和鲜草产量;覆土厚度1cm时,岩石在鲜干比、茎叶比、粗蛋白含量等品质方面也表现较好。综合评价膜上穴播苜蓿最适宜的覆土厚度为1cm。     

番鸭呼肠孤病毒和H9亚型禽流感病毒共感染对番鸭法氏囊和抗体产生的影响

为探讨番鸭呼肠孤病毒(MDRV)和H9亚型禽流感病毒(H9 AIV)共感染对番鸭法氏囊免疫应答能力的影响,本研究将MDRV或/和H9 AIV人工感染8日龄番鸭,观察法氏囊病理组织学变化,检测法氏囊B细胞增殖能力及RE-5 AIV疫苗免疫后抗体变化规律.结果显示:H9 AIV感染组番鸭发病率低(10％),无死亡,法氏囊无病理变化,显著抑制番鸭法氏囊细胞增殖反应;MDRV感染番鸭发病率70％,死亡率40％,生长迟缓,法氏囊病理变化为萎缩,淋巴细胞减少,局部出现范围较小的坏死灶,番鸭法氏囊细胞增殖反应下降;共感染组番鸭发病率100％,死亡率80％,番鸭生长迟缓,法氏囊萎缩和淋巴细胞增殖反应下降程度均比单一病毒感染组严重.病毒感染使番鸭对RE-5 AIV疫苗免疫应答能力明显下降,其共感染组抑制抗体应答程度最严重;共感染组的病毒检出时间早于并且检出率大于单一病毒感染组.表明MDRV与H9 AIV共感染在番鸭免疫应答抑制方面有协同作用.     

大学本科生学习创新能力培养和优良学风建设

学习创新能力,是创新精神和实践能力的一个重要组成部分。优良学风建设一直是高校的重要工作。针对高校学风存在的主要问题,阐述了学习创新能力的内涵及其重要意义,培养大学本科生学习创新能力的方法与途径,以及通过对大学本科生学习创新能力的培养有助于促进优良学风建设的形成。     

依普黄酮对笼养蛋鸡骨质疏松症骨组织病理变化的影响

本试验选用200只24周龄健康海蓝褐蛋鸡,随机分为4组:对照组(基础日粮中含钙3.55%)、低钙组(日粮含钙1.27%)、试验Ⅰ组(8mg依普黄酮/kg低钙日粮)和试验Ⅱ组(20mg依普黄酮/kg低钙日粮),观察依普黄酮对笼养蛋鸡骨质疏松症骨组织病理变化的影响。结果显示,与低钙组相比,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组骨髓腔面积分别显著下降7.81%(P0.05)和10.26%(P0.05),骨皮质平均厚度分别显著升高23.78(P0.05)和27.60(P0.05),并且骨小梁增厚、变密,骨陷窝变浅,成骨细胞增多,破骨细胞减少。结果表明,低钙日粮中添加依普黄酮能显著改善蛋鸡骨质疏松症的临床症状,与其促进成骨细胞生成,抑制破骨细胞活性,使其骨量增加,骨结构得到改善密切相关。     

玉米‖花生茬口对冬小麦旗叶光化学活性的影响

为探明玉米‖花生茬口显著提高冬小麦旗叶的光合速率和产量的光反应机理,研究了玉米‖花生茬口(间作茬口,ICR)、玉米茬口(MCR)和花生茬口(PCR)及不同施磷水平对冬小麦播前土壤含水量、冬小麦花后旗叶的气体交换参数、光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)、光系统I(PSⅠ)及二者间的性能协调性的影响。结果表明,间作茬口较玉米茬口显著提高了冬小麦播前土壤含水量及旗叶的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和PSⅡ反应中心供(Wk)/受体侧(Vj)的活性,增强了单位面积吸收的光能(ABS/CSo)、捕获的能量(TRo/CSo)和进入电子传递的光能(ETo/CSo)。间作茬口较玉米茬口显著提高了冬小麦扬花期旗叶PSⅡ初级光化学最大量子产额(φpo)、转化效率(Ψo)、电子传递效率(δRo)及乳熟期的PSⅠ的性能(ΔI/Io)、PSⅡ与PSⅠ协调性(ΦPSⅠ/PSⅡ)和籽粒产量,较花生茬口显著提高了乳熟期的φpo和δRo值。施磷提高了Pn、ABS/CSo、TRo/CSo、ETo/CSo、φpo、Ψo、δRo、ΔI/Io和ΦPSⅠ/PSⅡ值。这说明间作茬口较玉米茬口提高了冬小麦旗叶光反应中心活性,从而提高净光合速率,重要原因可能是间作茬口能保持耕层较高的土壤含水量。