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81.
Tillage systems influence soil properties and may influence the availability of applied and mineralized soil N. This laboratory study (20°C) compared N cycling in two soils, a Wooster (fine, loamy Typic Fragiudalf) and a Hoytville (fine, illitic Mollic Epiaqualf) under continuous corn (Zea mays) production since at least 1963 with no-tillage (NT), minimum (CT) and plow tillage (PT) management. Fertilizer was added at the rate of 100 mg 15N kg–1–1 soil as 99.9% 15N as NH4Cl or Ca(NO3)2 and the soils were incubated in leaching columns for 1 week at 34 kPa before being leached periodically with 0.05 M CaCl2 for 26 weeks. As expected, the majority of the 15NO3– additions were removed from both soils with the first leaching. The majority of applied 15NH4+ additions were recovered as 15NO3– by week 5, with the NT soils demonstrating faster nitrification rates compared with soils under other tillage practices. For the remaining 22 weeks, only low levels of 15NO3– were leached from the soils regardless of tillage management. In the coarser textured Wooster soils (150 g clay kg–1), mineralization of native soil N in the fertilized soils was related to the total N content (r2 0.99) and amino acid N (r2 0.99), but N mineralization in the finer textured Hoytville (400 g clay kg–1) was constant across tillage treatments and not significantly related to soil total N or amino acid N content. The release of native soil N was enhanced by NH4+ or NO3– addition compared to the values released by the unfertilized control and exceeded possible pool substitution. The results question the use of incubation N mineralization tests conducted with unfertilized soils as a means for predicting soil N availability for crop N needs. 相似文献
82.
Strober W 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,313(5790):1052-1054
83.
In 2007, an extreme drought and acute heat wave impacted ecosystems across the southeastern USA, including a 19-year-old Liquidambar styraciflua L. (sweetgum) tree plantation exposed to long-term elevated (E(CO(2))) or ambient (A(CO(2))) CO(2) treatments. Stem sap velocities were analyzed to assess plant response to potential interactions between CO(2) and these weather extremes. Canopy conductance and net carbon assimilation (A(net)) were modeled based on patterns of sap velocity to estimate indirect impacts of observed reductions in transpiration under E(CO(2)) on premature leaf senescence. Elevated CO(2) reduced sap flow by 28% during early summer, and by up to 45% late in the drought during record-setting temperatures. Modeled canopy conductance declined more rapidly in E(CO(2)) plots during this period, thereby directly reducing carbon gain at a greater rate than in A(CO(2)) plots. Indeed, pre-drought canopy A(net) was similar across treatment plots, but declined to ~40% less than A(net) in A(CO(2)) as the drought progressed, likely leading to negative net carbon balance. Consequently, premature leaf senescence and abscission increased rapidly during this period, and was 30% greater for E(CO(2)). While E(CO(2)) can reduce leaf-level water use under droughty conditions, acute drought may induce excessive stomatal closure that could offset benefits of E(CO(2)) to temperate forest species during extreme weather events. 相似文献
84.
Diane S. Pavek Warren F. Lamboy Edward J. Garvey 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2003,50(2):165-173
Previously, there has not been any in situ conservation sites for crop germplasm within the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS). Using morphologic and molecular (SSR markers) techniques, we assessed the genetic variation present in populations of rock grape (Vitis rupestris Scheele), a native American grape species, throughout its range. We identified seven in situ conservation sites for rock grape using a strategy based on morphologic and molecular data, taxonomic information, population size and integrity, and landholder commitment. In collaboration with federal and state landholding agencies, we have established the first NPGS in situ conservation sites for American wild relatives of a crop. 相似文献
85.
Parsons SD Gous TA Warren RM van Helden PD 《Journal of the South African Veterinary Association》2008,79(2):95-98
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in dogs is rarely reported and has not previously been documented in South Africa. A case of a stray Maltese crossbreed dog with extensive multifocal pulmonary tuberculosis due to M. tuberculosis is described. Pulmonary granulomas in this case were poorly encapsulated and contained large numbers of acid-fast bacteria, highlighting the potential for infected companion animals to excrete the pathogen. Treatment of canine tuberculosis is generally not advised, and for this reason, euthanasia of diseased animals must be advocated in most instances. Physicians and veterinarians must be aware that companion animals with active disease caused by M. tuberculosis could act as a potential source of infection. 相似文献
86.
87.
Budong Qian Reinder De Jong Richard Warren Aston Chipanshi Harvey Hill 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2009,149(6-7):1022-1031
A study to forecast regional spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields on the Canadian Prairies was conducted, based on simulated daily water use and soil water contents derived from the National Drought Model. Empirical linear regression models were calibrated from 1976 to 2006 spring wheat yield data for this purpose. Potential predictors assessed were mainly those indicators related to water stress conditions at different crop growth stages. Stepwise regression and cross-validation were employed for the selection of the predictors in multivariate linear regression models used for forecasting spring wheat yields from seeding to harvest. The cross-validated “forecasts” for 1976–2006, using data up to harvest, explained 77%, 64%, 63% and 70% of yield variances, respectively, for Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and the entire Prairie region. Root mean squared error of the “forecasts” ranged from 8% to 11% of the average yields. The prediction accuracy earlier in the season was often lower than later in the season. Usable prediction accuracy was found by the middle of the growing season (around heading or anthesis), but only marginally effective at seeding time, especially so for Saskatchewan. 相似文献
88.
89.
K. L. Hepworth‐Warren B. L. Hay Kraus D. M. Wong A. C. Krull G. L. Metcalf 《Equine Veterinary Education》2017,29(11):603-608
This report describes an 11‐year‐old Percheron mare that presented with signs of colic and was ultimately diagnosed with bacterial peritonitis of unknown origin. Bacterial culture of a peritoneal fluid sample isolated 2 Clostridial species, one of which was strongly suspected to be Clostridium haemolyticum. The horse was markedly hypoalbuminaemic at presentation, leading to the development of low oncotic pressure and ventral oedema. The mare was administered a low molecular weight/low molar substitution hydroxyethyl starch solution in conjunction with other therapies that resulted in marked improvement of clinical signs. The purpose of this report is to describe the clinical findings associated with equine peritonitis associated with C. haemolyticum, a rarely identified pathogen in the horse. Secondly, this report serves to describe the beneficial effects of tetrastarch administration in a clinical case with severe hypoalbuminaemia and ventral oedema. 相似文献
90.