Estimation and Mapping of Nitrogen Uptake by Forest in South Korea

Regional air pollution in northeast Asia is an emerging environmental problem requiring long-term impact assessment of acidic deposition. In this study, the gridded distribution of nitrogen uptake led by both growing forests and harvested biomass for eight tree species: Japanese Larch, Red pine, Korean pine, Oak tree, Chestnut, Other Conifers, Other broad leaved trees, and Mixed forest was identified to estimate critical loads for nitrogen over South Korea. The gridded spatial distribution of averaged nitrogen uptake was mapped by 0.125° Latitude × 0.125° Longitude resolution. The results showed that net uptake of nitrogen led by both growth and harvested biomass was totaled at 438 mol_c ha^?1 year^?1 among which harvested biomass contribution was estimated to be 25 mol_c ha^?1 year^?1, yielding a very small fraction of total nitrogen uptake presumably due to the younger stages of forest in South Korea.     

Proteome analysis of greenhouse-cultured lettuce with the natural soil mineral conditioner illite

The natural soil mineral conditioner illite effectively improved the germination and growth of lettuce when applied in particulate or powdered form. When illite was given in particulate and powdered forms, the germination rate of lettuce seeds improved remarkably up to 93% and 133%, respectively. Contrary to the developmental effects, the growth rate of lettuce treated with particulate illite improved slightly by 23%; powdered illite had no significant effects on lettuce growth rate. Thus, illite primarily affects seed germination rather than the growth of lettuce. To examine illite-induced proteins related to lettuce growth, differentially expressed proteins in lettuce leaves were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight/time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS) followed by Mascot search. From the proteomic analysis, five down-regulated proteins were identified related to storage protein, carbon metabolism and energy conversion. Three up-regulated proteins were related to energy production/conversion and carbon fixation. These results demonstrate that illite treatment as a soil conditioner helps lettuce seed germination and lettuce growth by regulating carbon metabolic flux.     

Use of a spectrum model and satellite cloud data in the simulation of wheat stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) dispersal across the Tasman Sea in 1980

Long distance dispersal of plant pathogens has been simulated using different approaches. Models to predict dispersal of airborne spores often use simplified methods to estimate solar radiation in order to estimate mortality of spores. We incorporated a spectrum model into a Lagrangian approach to simulate dispersal of wheat stripe rust from Australia to New Zealand across the Tasman Sea. To estimate cloud cover conditions, satellite data were also used in our study. The combination of a spectrum model and satellite cloud data made it easy to identify sites at which viable spores were deposited. In our study, 0.6% of deposition near New Zealand followed exposure to UV radiation less than our mortality threshold (0.9 MJ m⁻²). Model spores of wheat stripe rust arrived at sites within 40 km from Otama, New Zealand, where wheat stripe rust was first reported in November 1980. It appeared that the uredospores were transported under an overcast cloud condition, which would increase the chance of successful infection on host crops. Further studies on the relationship between solar UV radiation and mortality of pathogen uredospores would facilitate the use of the spectrum model and satellite data to predict dispersal of airborne spores.     

Development of an appropriate procedure for estimation of RUSLE EI30 index and preparation of erosivity maps for Pulau Penang in Peninsular Malaysia

Pluviographic data at 15 min interval from 6 stations in Pulau Penang of Peninsular Malaysia were used to compute rainfall erosivity factor (R) for the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE). Three different modelling procedures were applied for the estimation of monthly rainfall erosivity (EI₃₀) values. While storm rainfall (P) and duration (D) data were used in the first approach, the second approach used monthly rainfall for days with rainfall ≥ 10 mm (rain₁₀) and monthly number of days with rainfall ≥ 10 (days₁₀). The third approach however used the Fournier index as the independent variable. Based on the root mean squared error (RMSE) and the percentage error (PE) criteria, models developed using the Fournier index approach was adjudged the best with an average PE value of 0.92 and an average RMSE value of 164.6. Further, this approach was extended to the development of a regional model. Using data from additional sixteen stations and the Fournier index based regional model, EI₃₀ values were computed for each month. ArcView GIS was used to generate monthly maps of EI₃₀ values and also annual rainfall erosivity (R). The rainfall erosivity factor (R) in the region was estimated to vary from 9000 to 14,000 MJ mm ha^− 1 h^− 1 year^− 1.     

Morphological characterization of seeds of three Australian wild Citrus species (Rutaceae): Citrus australasica F. Muell., C. inodora F.M. Bailey and C. garrawayi F.M. Bailey

The comparative morphology of the seeds of three Australian Citrus species, C. australasica C. inodora and C. garrawayi, was studied. Their seed characteristics were broadly similar to those of the cultivated species of the genus, when observed under light and scanning electron microscopy. Citrus garrawayi differed in seed shape (rounded to triangular) and seed coat morphology (i.e., thicker with longer epidermal protrusions) from C. australasica and C. inodora (rounded surface with flat underside in shape). The well-developed minute epidermal protrusions on the seed coat of C. garrawayi were more similar to those in the cultivated species, C. × sinensis and C. × aurantium. In contrast, the surface topography of C. australasica and C. inodora seeds was more like that of the cultivated species, C. × aurantifolia and C. × limon. Seed morphology, especially surface topography, was found to be a useful tool for taxonomic identification in Australian wild citrus.     

基于扫描电镜图像分析的菜籽仁饼孔隙结构分形研究

以冷态压榨条件下菜籽仁饼为对象,研究油料饼孔隙结构,探讨油料饼孔隙结构的分形特性以及压榨压力对油料饼孔隙结构的影响.运用扫描电镜和Image-pro图像分析技术分别测试分析6种压榨压力下的菜籽仁饼孔隙的微观结构,采用小岛法对图片进行了孔隙截面边界和孔隙尺寸分布分形维数的测定,并采用回归分析方法建立了孔隙截面边界和孔隙尺寸分布分形维数与压榨压力的经验公式.结果表明,菜籽仁饼的孔隙结构存在明显的分形特征,分形维数越大,孔隙截面边界越不规则、孔隙尺寸分布越大;压榨压力越大,分形维数越大,压榨压力与分形维数满足明显的线性关系.     

农村有机生活垃圾和秸秆快速好氧发酵技术参数研究

近年来,中国农村有机生活垃圾和农作物秸秆废弃资源引发的环境问题日益严重,在现有农业废弃物资源化利用技术中,好氧发酵堆肥技术由于运行成本低、操作简便成为农村有机生活垃圾和秸秆的首选处理技术.该文通过正交试验方法分析通风量、含水率和碳氮比3因素对快速好氧发酵效果的影响.结果表明:通风量是首要影响因素,其次是含水率和碳氮比;适宜的通风量参数为0.148～0.173 m3/d,含水率为60%,C/N为25:1.本研究将为开展北方寒冷地区冬季好氧发酵设施增温保温技术研究提供理论依据.     

中国荷斯坦奶牛乳脂中miR-2285f生物信息学分析及靶基因验证

旨为探索bta-miR-2285f和宿主基因TANK结合激酶1(TANK binding kinase 1,TBK1)的生物学功能,以及bta-miR-2285f与靶基因互作调节奶牛乳脂代谢的潜在机制,本研究通过生物信息学方法分析bta-miR-2285f在不同物种间的保守性,并通过上游序列CPG岛分析、启动子预测、进一步进行组织表达谱分析,预测靶基因并进行GO功能和KEGG通路富集分析。利用双荧光素酶报告试验验证bta-miR-2285f调控的下游靶基因钙结合蛋白39(Calcium binding protein 39,CAB39),并在乳腺上皮细胞水平探究bta-miR-2285f的功能作用。结果表明：1)bta-miR-2285f是牛特异性miRNA,属于内含子miRNA;2)bta-miR-2285f与宿主基因TBK1上游序列2 kb处均不含有CPG岛。bta-miR-2285f在上游586 bp处为转录起始位点。宿主基因TBK1在上游105 bp处为转录起始位点;3)TargetScan和miRWalk预测miR-2285f有172个交集靶基因,主要参与新陈代谢、遗传信息传...     

初花期冷害对绿豆叶片生理的损伤及烯效唑的缓解效应

为探究初花期冷害及预喷施烯效唑(S3307)对绿豆(Vignaradiata)叶片生理代谢和产量的影响,以‘绿丰5号’和‘绿丰2号’为材料,盆栽条件下,初花期预喷施S3307,同时连续低温(平均15℃)处理5d并每天取样,对绿豆叶片活性氧类物质积累(reactive oxygen species,ROS)、保护酶活性变化、渗透调节物质含量和产量进行分析。结果表明,初花期冷害引起绿豆叶片过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量显著增加、超氧阴离子(O■)产生速率显著增加,超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性显著提高,可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量不同时期都有所增加,低温处理1～5d导致‘绿丰5号’单盆产量显著下降11.58%～46.27%,‘绿丰2号’显著下降12.74%～44.75%。S3307具有抵御初花期冷害的作用,低温条件下,预喷施S3307能有效增加绿豆叶片可溶性糖含量,显著降低H₂O₂含量和O■产生...     

不同基质处理对淡水浇灌桐花树成苗率及幼苗生长的影响

为探索桐花树的淡水化人工培育技术以及筛选适宜的基质,以塘泥、黄心土、河沙和椰糠为试验材料,通过不同的配比组合成10种混配基质,并进行育苗试验,对桐花树的成苗率以及生长情况进行研究。结果发现,不同的混配基质对桐花树的成苗率、苗高、地径、根系生长、鲜重和干重等指标有明显的影响,其中以基质F（30%塘泥+50%黄心土+10%河沙+10%椰糠）综合得分最高,其平均苗高、地径、主根长、一级侧根数、全株生物量、成苗率分别比综合得分最低的基质高24.3%、11.1%、6.3%、6.5%、37.5%、2.0%。