兽药产品区域市场营销策略

传统的营销模式已经不能满足企业发展的需求，建立新的兽药产品区域市场营销体系是兽药企业的选择。     

The leukocyte count is a valuable parameter for detecting classical swine fever

In this paper we describe a study of the use of the white blood cell count (wbcc) as a parameter for detecting outbreaks of Classical Swine Fever (CSF). Meta-analysis of the results of challenge experiments revealed that oronasal infection of SPF-pigs with the virulent CSF virus (CSFV) strains Brescia or NL9201 resulted in a significant decrease in the average white blood cell count during the first week after inoculation of the virus. Challenge of conventional finishing pigs and sows with the moderately virulent strain Paderborn also resulted in a significant decrease in the average wbcc. However, this decrease was not observed after inoculation of SPF pigs with the mildly virulent CSFV strains Henken, Zoelen, or Bergen. The usefulness of clinical inspection in combination with wbcc to detect CSF outbreaks in the field was examined using the results of 214 EDTA blood specimens collected from 22 infected herds and 7250 EDTA blood specimens collected from 1450 non-infected herds. Half of the infected herds had been infected with the moderately virulent CSFV strain Venhorst (closely related to strain Paderborn) during the 1997-98 epidemic in the Netherlands. The other half had been infected with the moderately virulent CSFV strain Loraine. Using these data as a starting point, 1000 samples of one to ten specimens were generated by Monte Carlo simulation. These simulated samples and the samples of the non-infected herds were analysed by use of Receiver Operating Characteristic curves. On the basis of that analysis, the optimal number of animals whose wbcc needed to be determined to detect a CSF outbreak was five. With this number of animals, in conjunction with the threshold of 8000 white blood cells per mm3 (meaning that a herd is designated as CSF suspect if one or more of the five specimens has a white blood cell count of 8000 leukocytes/mm3 or less), the test procedure had a herd sensitivity (HSE) of 94.5% and a herd specificity (HSP) of 97.2%). The HSE is defined as the percentage of samples of infected herds with a positive result of the test procedure; HSP is defined as the percentage of uninfected herds with a negative result of the test procedure. We conclude that the wbcc can help the veterinary practitioner to detect outbreaks of CSF caused by (moderately) virulent CSFV strains. However, for the detection of outbreaks caused by mildly virulent CSFV strains, the contribution of the wbcc is doubtful. Development of additional tools that can improve the clinical diagnosis of the veterinary practitioner remains desirable.     

Zinc concentrations in skimmed milk and whole milk samples from healthy and mastitic cows

Zinc concentrations were determined in skimmed milk and whole milk samples from healthy and mastitic cows. During spontaneous and induced mastitis, a marked decrease of Zn concentration in skimmed milk from the mastitic quarters was observed. Seemingly, there are 2 mechanisms involved in the lowering of Zn concentration in skimmed milk from mastitic quarters: a decline in Zn probably as a consequence of decreases in plasma Zn concentrations and an abrupt redistribution of Zn in the inflamed quarters.     

箱型矮栏养猪好

自1960年来,已建造了数千幢部分或全部漏缝地板的肥育猪舍,但每头肥育猪的空间有限,通常为O.54~O.64平方米.在西欧进行的比较试验证明,当采用部分漏缝地板,且每头猪有o.70平方米空间时,技术效益较好.而如果猪能在箱型矮栏里休息,效果就更佳好动的肥育猪一般不怕贼风或低温的影响.试验表明,把饲喂和排粪区与躺卧区分开,是很有利的.躺卧区三面能够关闭,并可用顶盖覆盖,以创造     

Pathophysiological aspects ofE. coli mastitis in ruminants

It is a common theory that the systemic signs in cows suffering from coliform mastitis would be caused by absorption of endotoxin from the udder into the circulation. However, definite proof to validate this hypothesis is as yet not available. Therefore, the effects on some clinical and clinical-chemical parameters of administering either intravenously or intramammarilyE. coli endotoxin to normal and endotoxin-tolerant ruminants were comparatively examined. The absence of marked effects on rumen motility following the intramammary administration of endotoxin was striking. Moreover, in cows the intramammary administration of one fifth of the dose of endotoxin to which the animals were made tolerant produced a maximum effect on body temperature and plasma zinc concentrations. These observations suggest the release of inflammatory endogenous mediators in the udder and their subsequent absorption into the circulation rather than the absorption of endotoxin. However, attempts to validate this hypothesis failed. Further research for detection methods more sensitive than the bioassay used in this study is recommended.     

Web-based, interactive simulation of an anesthesia machine

Gases are transparent and the piping layout in anesthesia machines is not obvious, making it hard to understand anesthesia machine function, potential failure modes, and recovery from faults. We experimented with an approach that simplified the layout of the anesthesia machine piping by removing extraneous details and making gases not only visible, but also color-coded. More than 15 anesthesia machine controls were represented by icons that a user can adjust by clicking on the icon with a pointing device and subsequently observing the effect of his/her intervention on anesthesia machine function in real time. We simulated two anesthesia machine failures and also supported non-English languages and non-US gas color codes. Further, we initiated an experiment in Web philanthropy by deliberately choosing to make the educational module accessible without charge and selected the Web as the preferred medium for dissemination of the Virtual Anesthesia Machine (VAM) viewable at http://www.anest.ufl.edu/vam . Originally designed for use in human anesthesiology, a significant percentage (about 30%) of the 54 000 international visitors, as tracked by an independent third-party Web traffic monitoring service, for the period 9/00–5/02, were from the veterinary field. VAM is being used as part of the curriculum in veterinary programs in the US and overseas and has been well received by the global anesthesia community (human and veterinary).     

CD4+ and CD8+ T- lymphocytopenia in a filly with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

Decreased proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood likely contributed to susceptibility to Pneumocystis carinii in a foal. Cytological evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage was required for identification of the pathogen and serial flow-cytometric analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes documented transient low expression of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Although immunodeficiency is uncommon, it must be included in the differential diagnosis for patients suffering from chronic or opportunistic infections and may provide an indication for immunostimulant therapy.