Analgesic effect of pre-operative etodolac and butorphanol administration in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy

The analgesic, bleeding, and renal effects of dogs pre‐medicated with etodolac with and without butorphanol were evaluated. Twenty‐four 1‐year‐old healthy dogs, weighing 19 ± 3 kg (mean ± SD) were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (n = 6): control (C), etodolac (E), butorphanol (B), and etodolac with butorphanol (EB). Etodolac (12–14 mg kg^?1 PO) was given 1 hour before propofol induction and isoflurane maintenance anesthesia. Butorphanol (0.4 mg kg^?1 IV) was given immediately following endotracheal intubation. Control dogs received only propofol (8 mg kg^?1 to effect) and isoflurane anesthesia. All dogs were mechanically ventilated to maintain Pe ′CO₂ between 35 and 45 mm Hg (4.7–6.0 kPa). Lactated Ringer's solution was given at 10 mL kg^?1 hour^?1 during anesthesia. Plasma cortisol concentrations were assessed 1 day prior to surgery (baseline), immediately prior to anesthesia induction, and every 30 minutes until 5 hours following extubation, and 1 day after surgery. Total duration of anesthesia was 50 minutes and total surgery duration was 30 minutes. Isoflurane concentration area under the curve (AUC) over time during the anesthesia was compared among treatment groups. Buccal mucosal bleeding time (BMBT) was assessed 1 day before E administration and during surgery. Urine GGT to urine creatinine ratio, BUN, and plasma creatinine were taken daily from 1 day before to 3 days after surgery. Behavioral pain scores (numerical rating scale) were assessed by two observers blinded to the treatment during the 5‐hour recovery period at 30 minute intervals until 3 hours, and again at 5 hours after extubation. All data were analyzed using anova . Multiple comparisons were performed if the anova was significant. Alpha value was set at 0.05. Plasma cortisol concentrations significantly increased from time of extubation in all the treatment groups. They did not return to the baseline until 5, 2.5, 1.5, and 1.5 hours after extubation in the C, B, E, and EB groups, respectively. Isoflurane AUC was not significantly different among treatment groups. Dogs treated with EB had significantly less behavioral pain than all other groups throughout the 5‐hour recovery period. No significant difference was found between treatment groups or within treatment groups over time in BMBT, or any renal variables. This study demonstrated that (i) pre‐operative administration of E provides profound analgesia during the post‐operative period without renal or bleeding side‐effects in dogs undergoing OHE; and (ii) a combination of butorphanol–etodolac provides the best analgesic effect during the post‐operative period based on the behavioral pain score.     

The role of sediment microorganisms in the productivity, conservation, and rehabilitation of mangrove ecosystems: an overview

Mangrove communities are recognized as highly productive ecosystems that provide large quantities of organic matter to adjacent coastal waters in the form of detritus and live animals (fish, shellfish). The detritus serves as a nutrient source and is the base of an extensive food web in which organisms of commercial importance take part. In addition, mangrove ecosystems serve as shelter, feeding, and breeding zones for crustaceans, mollusks, fish of commercial importance, and resident and migratory birds. Although mangroves in the United States are protected, the systematic destruction of these ecosystems elsewhere is increasing. Deforestation of mangrove communities is thought to be one of the major reasons for the decrease in the coastal fisheries of many tropical and subtropical countries. There is evidence to propose a close microbe-nutrient-plant relationship that functions as a mechanism to recycle and conserve nutrients in the mangrove ecosystem. The highly productive and diverse microbial community living in tropical and subtropical mangrove ecosystems continuously transforms nutrients from dead mangrove vegetation into sources of nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients that can be used by the plants. In turn, plant-root exudates serve as a food source for the microorganisms living in the ecosystem with other plant material serving similarly for larger organisms like crabs. This overview summarizes the current state of knowledge of microbial transformations of nutrients in mangrove ecosystems and illustrates the important contributions these microorganisms make to the productivity of the ecosystems. To conserve the mangrove ecosystems, which are essential for the sustainable maintenance of coastal fisheries, maintenance and restoration of the microbial communities should be undertaken. Inoculation of mangrove seedlings with plant-growth-promoting bacteria may help revegetate degraded areas and create reconstructed mangrove ecosystems.     

Traffic alternatives for harvesting soybean (Glycine max L.): Effect on yields and soil under a direct sowing system

This initially high level of soil compaction in some direct sowing systems might suggest that the impact of subsequent traffic would be minimal, but data have not been consistent. Soil compaction is caused by the high traffic intensity and weight of tractor and combines in harvest operations, especially when these operations are carried out on wet soil or with high-pressure tyres. Traffic effects on the yield of soybean and on some physical soil properties were studied over a period of 3 years. After this period, the reduction of traffic intensity from 38 to 15 Mg km⁻¹ ha⁻¹ produced an increase on the yields of 29.2% from the base year improving the incomes by US$134 ha⁻¹ besides the reduction of fuel consumption of 35.5%. With the results obtained in this work it can be assumed that traffic reduction at harvest has a good potential to increase yields and reduce soil compaction under direct sowing system on the Rolling Pampa Region, Argentina.     

Antimicrobial susceptibility and tetracycline resistance determinant genotyping of Gallibacterium anatis

The present investigation was undertaken to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of a collection of 58 Gallibacterium isolates. All strains were tested by the broth dilution method using the veterinary fastidious medium. A total of 46 field strains were tested, whereof 23 were clinical isolates from 10 Mexican layer flocks and another 23 isolates originated from 13 clinically healthy poultry flocks in Denmark. In addition, 12 Gallibacterium reference strains that had been isolated some 30–40 years ago were included.     

日本血吸虫非叉型尾蚴感染动物试验

试验采集云南巍山地区自然条件下的钉螺,压碎钉螺、检获尾蚴,发现为非叉型尾蚴。将非叉型尾蚴400~850条/只经皮肤感染家兔,同时,用云南洱源的叉型尾蚴作对照试验。感染后50～55 d解剖兔子,试验组检获到日本血吸虫,荷虫量为10～15条/只。试验结果表明,云南巍山非叉型尾蚴能感染动物,该试验结果为丰富日本血吸虫的生活史提供了极有价值的补充。     

生态型农业观光园规划设计

通过阐述园区规划设计原则及理论根据,结合实例分析了生态型农业观光园的设计内容,有利于更好的研究与开发农业观光园项目。     

乌冈栎地理分布与水热环境因子的关系

在广泛收集乌冈栎地理分布资料的基础上,利用目前常用的植被与气候相互关系的研究方法,结合温暖指数(WI)、寒冷指数(CI)、干燥度指数(K)、水热综合指数(S)、年均生物温度(BT)、可蒸散量(PET)和年均可能蒸发量率(PER),以及单一的气象因子一月均温(TM-Jan)、七月均温(TM-Jul)、最高温(TMax)、最低温(TMin)、年均温(TM-A)、年均降水量(PM)等,对乌冈栎在东亚地区的地理分布及其与气候的关系进行了研究。结果表明:乌冈栎在中国地理分布在23°-34°N、100°-120°E,日本分布在26°-37°N、128°-140°E,均属于亚热带分布。气候环境指数研究的结果表明乌冈栎各项指数平均值均较低,与亚热带分布的青冈的指数接近,因此其性质为亚热带耐寒树种。通过热量曲线的比较,反映了中日两国乌冈栎分布范围的差异。结合主成分分析可知,影响乌冈栎分布的最主要因素是温度,并将其分布区划分为5类,包括:日本区(A)、中国华东区(B)中国西南部区(C)、中国西北部区(D)和中国南部区(E)。最后建立了乌冈栎生物地理模型,对预测该物种的分布提供了科学参考依据。     

Muscle cellularity in relation to somatic growth in the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (L.)

Sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), juveniles (1.32 g) grew at a rate of 4.2% per day, when fish were fed ad libitum and reared at optimal thermal conditions (ambient sea water temperature, 20-26°C). At 13°C, feeding and spontaneous activity were severely restricted and somatic growth was reduced to 0.6% per day. Over a period of 6 weeks, both muscle fibre hyperplasia and nuclear division were higher in the ambient-temperature group compared with the fish reared at 13°C. Despite the differences in growth rate and spontaneous activity, muscle fibre hyperplasia was paralleled by nuclear division in the lateral axial muscle in both temperature groups and the number of nuclei per myofibre did not differ significantly between the two temperature groups. It is concluded that at optimal thermal and feeding conditions, somatic growth of sea bass juveniles is mediated through an increase in the number of nuclei and muscle fibres.