Biochemical response of grapevine variety ‘Chardonnay’ (Vitis vinifera L.) to infection with grapevine yellows (Bois noir)

This study was carried out on the leaves of phytoplasma susceptible grapevine variety ??Chardonnay?? (Vitis vinifera L.), and included research of the alterations in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, contents of phenol compounds and in related enzymes activity in the phenylpropanoid pathway during the Bois noir (BN) infection. Phytoplasma-infected leaves showed reduced contents of chlorophylls and carotenoids, which promoted their susceptibility to oxidative reactions. Furthermore, modulation of flavonoid biosynthesis occurred in infected leaves, leading to an increased activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone synthase/chalcone isomerase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase and polyphenoloxidase, but to a decreased peroxidase activity. Phytoplasma infection led to an increase of the contents of hydroxycinnamic acids (caftaric acid, sinapic acid glucose derivate and coutaric acid), flavanols (procyanidin B1, procyanidin dimer 3, catechin, epicatechin) and flavonols (quercetin 3-O-glucuronide, quercetin 3-O-glucoside) especially in the period up to vérasion. The study demonstrated that at certain phenological key-stages infection with phytoplasma (BN) induced different alterations in enzyme activities and in the contents of biochemical compounds from primary and secondary metabolism.     

Three<Emphasis Type="Italic">Orobanche</Emphasis> species newly found on crops in israel

Orobanche amethystea Thuill.,O. loricata Reichenb. andO. pubescens D’Urv. were found to parasitize the roots of cultivated plants in Israel.Orobanche pubescens is known from the local flora, and was now found to cause damage in parsley fields and toTropaeolum majus L. (nasturtium) in ornamental gardens.Orobanche amethystea andO. loricata are known as occasional weeds in Europe and were recently found for the first time in Israel.Orobanche amethystea densely populated vetch fields in Israel, andO. loricata was found in ornamental gardens. A key for the identification ofOrobanche species in cultivated areas in Israel is given, based on morphological features. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 13, 2002.     

Do boating and basking mix? The effect of basking disturbances by motorboats on the body temperature and energy budget of the northern map turtle

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