Zur Interpretation erhöhter Schluffgehalte in Böden des Bayerischen und des Oberpfälzer Waldes

On the interpretation of raised silt contents in soils of the Bavarian and Upper Palatinate Forest For the Bavarian and Upper Palatinate Forest (Bavaria), 41 representative pedons were examined for aeolian components using grain‐size analysis. Soils derived from loess (three pedons) are only available in the foreland of the Bavarian Forest near to the river Danube. Soils with aeolian fractions (one pedon) also exist in the adjacent part of the Bavarian Forest. No indication for loess components (37 pedons) were found in all other parts of this mountain range: these soils are missing a coarse‐silt maximum in their upper layer as should be expected for loess‐influenced soils. However, 17 of these pedons have a medium‐silt maximum in their upper layer interpreted as a result of intense physical weathering. Therefore, the widely occurrence of soils with aeolian components cannot be confirmed for this low‐mountain range of E Bavaria.     

Artificial Insemination of Swine: Fecundity of Boar Semen Stored in Beltsville TS (BTS), Modified Modena (MM), or MR-A and Inseminated on One,Three and Four Days After Collection12

Contents: A field trial was conducted on 1,463 farms in The Netherlands to compare the fertilizing capacity of boar spermatozoa extended in Beltsville TS (BTS), Modified (MM), or MR-A, and inseminated in 2896 sows and gilts on the first, third or fourth day following collection. Semen was collected, extended, and stored at 18°C at six different AI centers and inseminated by inseminators on their regular routes. Sows inseminated with BTS and MR-A extended semen had higher farrowing rates than MM (79.3, 77.6 us 50.4, P <.0001), higher total pigs per litter (11.4, 11.1 vs 10.0, P <.0001) and higher total pigs born alive (10.7, 10.5 vs 9.4, P <. 0001). The farrowing rate of gilts inseminated with BTS extended semen was superior to MM (73.5 vs. 50.2%, P <.004), while MR-A gave farrowing rates greater than MM (64.1 vs 50.2%, P =.06). There was no difference in litter data for gilts. Farrowing rates for 1 and 4 day semen were superior to 3 day semen (73.2, 73.8 vs 60.3, P <.0001). The semen inseminated on day 4 contained 6 billion sperm per dose rather than the 3 billion per dose for 1 and 3 day semen. Based on the results of this study, BTS and MR-A are effective diluents for extension and storage of boar semen for use within the same week of collection. In addition, semen extended in either BTS of MR-A and stored and inseminated on the fourth day after collection can give fertility equal to first day insemination if the sperm per insemination dose is doubled. Inhalt: Künstliche Besamung beim Schwein: Fruchtbarkeitsergebnisse von Ebersamen nach Flussigkonservierung mit BTS, MR-A oder modifiziertem Modena-Verdünner (MM) und Besamung am ersten, dritten und vierten Tag nach Samengewinnung In einem in den Niederlanden durchgeführten Feldversuch wurden 3 verschiedene Verdünner-Medien für Ebersamen in vivo verglichen. Die Medien waren Beltsville TS (BTS), modifizierter Modena-Verdünner (MM) und das spanische MR-A-Medium. Insgesamt wurden 2896 Jung- und Altsauen in 1463 Herden mit 1, 3 oder 4 Tage altem Sperma besamt. Der Versuch wurde als “split-sample”-Versuch an 6 Eberstationen durchgeführt, der verdunnte Samen bei + 18°Cgelagert und von den Besamungsbeauftragten im Rahmen ihrer regulären Fahrten eingesetzt. BTS- und MR-A-konserviertes Sperma gab bei Altsauen gegenüber MM höhere Abferkelraten (79,3, 77,6 vs 50,4%, P < 0.0001), eine höhere totale Wurfzahl (11,4, 11,1 vs 10,0, P < 0.0001) und eine höhere Anzahl lebendgeborener Ferkel)10,7, 10,5 vs 9,4, P < 0.0001). Die mit BTS-uerdünntem Samen inseminierten Jungsauen wiesen gegenüber MM höhere Abferkelraten auf(73.5 vs 50,2%, P < 0.004). MR-A-Sperma lag ebenfalls hüher als MM-Samen (641 vs 50,2%, P=0.06). Die Wurfgröβen der Jungsauen reigten keine Unterschiede. Die Abferkelergebnisse nach Besamung mit 1 und 4 Tage altem Samen lagen höher als die des 3 rage alten Spermas (73,2, 73,8 vs 60,3%; P < 0.0001). Die am Tag 4 verwendeten Samenportionen enthielten 6 Milliarden Spermien gegenüber 3 Milliarden der nach 1 bzw. 3 Tagen inseminierten Portionen. Die Ergebnkse dieses Versuches zeigen, daβ BTS und MR-A effektive Verdünnermedien sind und die Lagerung von Eberfrischsperma zum Einsatz innerhalb der Entnahmewoche ermoglichen. Darüber hinaus können mit BTS oder MR-A verdünntes und am Tag 4 nach Gewinnung eingesetrtes Sperma Fruchtbarkeitsergebnisse erzielt werden, die ebenso gut sind wie nach Verwendung des 1-Tage-Spermas, wenn die Spermienzahl pro Besamungsdosis verdoppelt wird.     

Histologic and biochemical studies of the uteri of ovariectomized gilts during the first two months of pregnancy after different hormone substitutions. 2. Effects of reducing the progesterone dosage on the survival rate of embryos and the structure of the placenta and the influence of oral administration of norgestrel

Studies were conducted into ovariectomised gilts in early gravidity, with the view to finding out if reduction of daily progesterone doses had an impact upon embryo survival rate and on the structure of the placenta and if experimentally induced progesterone deficit could be offset by oral administration of norgestrel, a synthetic progestagen. Embryo survival were found to drop from 80 to 26.1 percent in response to reduced progesterone dosage from 120 mg to 40 mg, average numbers of living embryos per animal being 9.6 or 3.0. Oral administration of 12 mg of norgestrel, in addition to injection of 40 mg of progesterone, enhanced the survival rate to 64.6 percent, the average number of living embryos coming to 8.9. Reduction of progesterone doses compared to animals with sufficient progesterone supply. Depressed the beginning decrease of the thickness endometrium and surface epithelium oedematisation of the endometrial stroma was mitigated, and subepithelial hyperaemia disappeared altogether. The secretory activity of uterine glands declined, and so did the endometrial activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases. Administration of norgestrel proved helpful in substantive removal of manifestations observed in the progesterone deficit group.     

Comparison of Ethylene Production by Pseudomonas syringae and Ralstonia solanacearum

ABSTRACT Strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi and Ralstonia solanacearum produced ethylene at rates 20- and 200-fold lower, respectively, than strains of P. syringae pvs. cannabina, glycinea, phaseolicola, and sesami. In the current study, we investigated which ethylene biosynthetic pathways were used by P. syringae pv. pisi and R. solanacearum. Neither the activity of an ethylene-forming enzyme nor a corresponding efe gene homolog could be detected in R. solanacearum, suggesting synthesis of ethylene via 2-keto-4-methyl-thiobutyric acid. In contrast, 2-oxoglutarate-dependent ethylene formation was observed with P. syringae pv. pisi, and Southern blot hybridization revealed the presence of an efe homolog in this pathovar. The efe genes from P. syringae pvs. cannabina, glycinea, phaseolicola, pisi, and sesami were sequenced. Nucleotide sequence comparisons indicated that the efe gene in pv. pisi was not as highly conserved as it was in other P. syringae pathovars. The pv. pisi efe homolog showed numerous nucleotide substitutions and a deletion of 13 amino acids at the C-terminus of the predicted gene product. These sequence alterations might account for the lower rate of ethylene production by this pathovar. All ethylene-producing P. syringae pathovars were virulent on bush bean plants. The overlapping host range of these pathovars suggests that horizontal transfer of the efe gene may have occurred among bacteria inhabiting the same host.     

Triazole fungicides and the selection of resistance to medical triazoles in the opportunistic mould Aspergillus fumigatus

Azole resistance is an emerging problem in the opportunistic mould Aspergillus fumigatus. The triazoles are the most important agents for the management of Aspergillus diseases in humans. Selection for acquired resistance may occur in the hospital setting through exposure to high doses of azoles during azole therapy, but evidence is accumulating that A. fumigatus may become resistant to medical triazoles through environmental exposure to fungicides. The recovery of A. fumigatus isolates resistant to the medical triazoles from azole‐naive patients as well as from the environment strongly indicates an environmental route of resistance selection. Molecule alignment studies have identified five fungicides that share a very similar molecule structure with the medical triazoles, and thus may have selected for mechanisms that confer resistance to both groups of compounds. It is important to explore further the presumed fungicide‐driven route of resistance selection in order to implement effective preventive measures as the prevalence of azole resistance in A. fumigatus continues to increase and causes major challenges in the management of azole‐resistant Aspergillus diseases. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

对推行兽药GMP工作的思考

对推行实施兽药GMP工作中存在的问题进行了分析,提出了建议和对策,并指出兽药行业的规范化管理,除了要推行实施兽药GMP外,还应加快对兽药的经营、使用、研发、临床试验等各环节的立法,建立健全机构,加强队伍建设,特别是要尽快推行兽药经营质量管理规范(GSP),否则兽药GMP将很难长期坚持下去.     

Defects in semiconductors: some fatal, some vital

REVIEW The role of defects as essential entities in semiconductor materials is reviewed. Early experiments with semiconductors were hampered by the extreme sensitivity of the electronic properties to minute concentrations of impurities. Semiconductors were viewed as a family of solids with irreproducible properties. Scientific efforts overcame this idiosyncrasy and turned the art of impurity doping into today's exceedingly useful and reproducible technology that is used to control precisely electrical conductivity, composition, and minority-carrier lifetimes over wide ranges. Native defects such as vacancies and self-interstitials control basic processes, foremost self- and dopant diffusion. The structural properties of dislocations and higher dimensional defects have been studied with atomic resolution, but a thorough theoretical understanding of their electronic properties is incomplete. Reactions between defects within the host lattices are increasingly better understood and are used for gettering and electrical passivation of unwanted impurities. Metastable defects such as DX centers and the EL2-related arsenic antisite are briefly discussed. The recent development of isotopically controlled semiconductors has created new research opportunities in this field.     

Association of Barley Kernel Hardness with Physical Grain Traits and Food Processing Parameters

Kernel hardness is not a well‐characterized food quality trait in barley. Unlike wheat, not much is known about the effect of barley kernel hardness on food processing. Ten barley genotypes differing in single kernel characterization system hardness index (SKCS‐HI) (30.1–91.2) of dehulled kernels were used to determine the association of barley HI with other physical grain traits and food processing parameters. Thousand kernel weight (TKW) values of 10 genotypes were 29.7–38.1 g. Values for bulk density of grains were 721.1–758.9 kg/m³. Crease width and depth values were 0.9–1.3 mm and 0.4–0.7 mm, respectively. Barley HI showed no significant association with TKW, bulk density, or kernel crease dimensions. Kernel loss due to pearling after 325 sec of abrasion was 28.8–38.4% and showed significant negative correlation with HI (r = –0.87, P < 0.01). Proportion of barley flour particles >106 μm had values of 34.5–42.0%, and starch damage values were 1.8–4.5% among those 10 barley genotypes. HI showed significant positive correlations with both proportion of barley flour particles >106 μm (r = 0.93, P < 0.01) and starch damage (r = 0.93, P < 0.01). Water imbibition of barley kernels and cooked kernel hardness did not show significant correlation with HI.