A survey of sheep diseases in Canada.

A mail survey of disease occurrence in Canadian sheep flocks was conducted. The survey, which covered the period from September 1982 to August 1983, utilized flocks on the Record of Performance (ROP) sheep program and relatively complete data were available from 116 flocks. Data about lambing rates, incidence of a variety of lamb and ewe diseases and reasons for culling were obtained. At the same time a retrospective evaluation of records of diagnoses of sheep diseases recorded at diagnostic laboratories across the country was performed. Data from the years 1978 to 1982 were obtained and summarized. A lambing percentage of 153% (1.53 lambs live born per ewe lambing) was observed and an additional 0.05 lambs were stillborn. The major identified causes of mortality amongst lambs were starvation, pneumonia, scours and accidents. Pasteurella spp. were the etiological agents most commonly associated with pneumonia in lambs and Escherichia coli had the same predominant position with regards to nonparasitic scours. A large discrepancy existed between the proportional mortality rates for internal parasites and coccidiosis as determined from the farm survey data compared to diagnostic laboratory data. This suggests that clinical parasitism may not be adequately recognized at the farm level. Abortions in ewes occurred in approximately half the flocks, but generally at a low level and no severe abortion storms occurred. Pneumonia was the most commonly identified cause of mortality in ewes and although Pasteurella spp. appear to be the most important etiological agents, regional differences were apparent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Sequential lesions of experimental bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis

A strain of Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A serotype 1, which had been isolated from a pathologically-confirmed outbreak of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis, was used successfully to reproduce the disease in conventional calves. The development of the various pathological features was studied at regular intervals following infection. The acute inflammatory reaction which had developed by day 2 after initial infection was characterised by flooding of the alveoli by oedema and neutrophils together with a mild degree of bronchiolar epithelial necrosis. This progressed to an acute exudative fibrinous pneumonia with extensive involvement of the interlobular septa and often with pleurisy. Subsequently, these pulmonary lesions became walled off by fibrous tissue which became infiltrated by plasma cells and lymphocytes. At this stage organisms could be demonstrated only within these nodules in the lung tissue.     

Effects of dietary protein concentration and corticosterone injections on energy and nitrogen balances and fat deposition in broiler chicks

Reducing dietary protein concentration in isocaloric diets consistently decreased nitrogen and energy excretion, and increased dry matter (DM), non-protein DM (NPDM), energy retention and fatness. There were significant correlations, negative between dietary energy-to-protein (E:P) ratio and nitrogen excretion and positive between the E:P ratio and the retention of DM, NPDM and energy. Nitrogen excretion was correlated with energy excretion, and NPDM retention with energy retention. Corticosterone injections increased fatness despite significantly increasing nitrogen and energy excretion. A positive relationship was observed in corticosterone-treated birds between nitrogen excretion on the one hand and the retention of DM and NPDM on the other. Increased food intake because of a low dietary protein concentration was not evident when a sorghum-based diet was used. Moreover, corticosterone injections increased neither the food intake nor the fatness of chicks fed this diet. Decreasing the protein concentration in diets containing identical metabolisable energy (ME) levels slightly, but significantly increased apparent ME values in three out of four experiments. Corticosterone injection did not affect this variable.     

Control of Rhizoctonia solani fruit rot of tomatoes by Trichoderma harzianum Rifai

Application of Trichoderma harzianum, to soil or by coating tomato fruits, reduced Rhizoctonia solani fruit rot by up to 43% and 85%, respectively, under laboratory conditions. When mixed with naturally infested soil, Trichoderma reduced R. solani inoculum potential by 86% in field trials. It also significantly reduced fruit rot by 27–51%.     

Spongy degeneration of white matter in the central nervous system of silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes)

A disorder of central nervous white matter in Norwegian-bred silver foxes is described from the case histories of 21 clinically affected foxes. The main presenting sign of this disorder was caudal limb ataxia, which appeared between 2 1/2 and 4 months of age and progressed over the next 4-8 weeks. Only four affected foxes were allowed to live beyond this period, but they showed moderate to marked improvement. Light microscopic examination of specimens from 16 affected foxes necropsied between 3 1/2 and 6 1/2 months of age revealed lesions that were restricted to the white matter of brain and spinal cord. The lesions were characterized by a symmetrical spongy change with vacuoles of varying sizes and included significant myelin deficiency. There was a relative preservation of axons and nerve cells and no significant inflammation or vascular reaction. An astrocytic hypertrophy was usually associated with the spongy change. Ultrastructural examination of central nervous tissue from two, perfusion-fixed, 6-month-old foxes showed intramyelin vacuoles resulting from splitting of the myelin lamellae at the intraperiod line and was interpreted as indicating myelin edema. Expanded extracellular spaces and watery astrocytic processes also contributed to the vacuolar appearance. Astrocytic processes in affected areas were hypertrophic and contained abundant filaments. Although the 16 silver foxes had severe clinical signs, their lesions had features in common with the juvenile form of Canavan's disease in children and a spongy degeneration reported in Labrador Retrievers; however, the clinical course in the foxes was not uniformly progressive.     

Sudden death in training and racing Thoroughbred horses

We reviewed case records, necropsy reports, and histologic sections from 25 Thoroughbred racehorses that died suddenly at 3 Chicago racetracks. These were young horses ranging in age from 2 to 5 years. There were more females (n = 16) than males (n = 9), and the incidence of death increased slightly in the spring and summer. Twenty-one of the 25 horses died while racing or training. Only 8 of the 25 horses (32%) had lesions sufficient to account for the death. In 6 of those 8 cases, death was caused by massive thoracic or abdominal hemorrhage. The site or nature of the vascular defect in these cases could not be determined. One horse died of severe preexisting pulmonary disease, and one died of encephalitis and cardiac papillary muscle fibrosis. The cause of death was undetermined in 17 horses (68%). Nearly all horses had pulmonary edema, congestion, and/or hemorrhage. We postulate that these unexplained deaths were a result of exercise-induced acute cardiovascular failure.