古尔班通古特沙漠南部梭梭鼠害特征及防治生态阈值研究

鼠类的"有害"或"无害"与其生境密切相关,文中以位于古尔班通古特沙漠南部的梭梭鼠害防治示范区和非示范区为调查样地,对比分析了两种生境中梭梭林的鼠害特征,进而探讨了沙漠区梭梭鼠害防治的生态阈值。研究发现:(1)古尔班通古特沙漠南部梭梭鼠害整体较轻。由鼠类引起的梭梭死亡率,非示范区平均为4.29%,示范区平均为2.12%。(2)梭梭的生长状况是吸引鼠类前来取食的因素。梭梭的基径、高度、冠幅与其冠下有效鼠洞数和鼠洞总数都成极显著的线性正相关关系,其生长状况的差异性决定了鼠类危害的程度。(3)鼠类对梭梭基部的取食较轻,而对梭梭各级侧枝的取食不仅具有选择性,还受生境和自身种群数量的影响。梭梭基部的轻度危害比率大于中度危害和重度危害比率,而梭梭侧枝、一级侧枝、二级侧枝的危害程度与鼠洞总数呈显著相关关系,有效鼠洞数只与梭梭二级侧枝的危害程度呈显著相关关系。(4)单株梭梭整株危害程度与其冠下鼠洞总数呈指数函数关系,当鼠洞总数>5个/株时,梭梭整株危害程度开始加剧,故该研究认为梭梭鼠害防治的生态阈值为鼠洞总数为5个/株。     

Spatial genetic structure and dispersal of the cacao pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa in the Brazilian Amazon

Moniliophthora perniciosa is the causal agent of witches’ broom in Theobroma cacao (cacao). Three biotypes of M. perniciosa are recognized, differing in host specificity, with two causing symptoms on cacao or Solanaceae species (C‐ and S‐biotypes), and the third found growing endophytically on lianas (L‐biotype). The objectives of this study were to clarify the genetic relationship between the three biotypes, and to identify those regions in the Brazilian Amazon with the greatest genetic diversity for the C‐biotype. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on the rRNA ITS regions showed that the C‐ and S‐biotypes formed a well‐supported clade separated from the L‐biotype. Analysis of 131 isolates genotyped at 11 microsatellite loci found that S‐ and especially L‐biotypes showed a higher genetic diversity. A significant spatial genetic structure was detected for the C‐biotype populations in Amazonia for up to 137 km, suggesting ‘isolation by distance’ mode of dispersal. However, in regions containing extensive cacao plantings, C‐biotype populations were essentially ‘clonal’, as evidenced by high frequency of repeated multilocus genotypes. Among the Amazonian C‐biotype populations, Acre and West Amazon displayed the largest genotypic diversity and might be part of the centre of diversity of the fungus. The pathogen dispersal may have followed the direction of river flow downstream from Acre, Rondônia and West Amazon eastward to the rest of the Amazon valley, where cacao is not endemic. The Bahia population exhibited the lowest genotypic diversity, but high allele richness, suggesting multiple invasions, with origin assigned to Rondônia and West Amazon, possibly through isolates from the Lower Amazon population.     

A long‐term study of burning effects on a plant pathogen in tallgrass prairie

Tallgrass prairie species have evolved with regular exposure to fire. However, burning has been used as a management tool for reducing plant disease in agricultural systems, posing the question of how plant pathogens of tallgrass prairie would be affected by burning. The rust fungus Puccinia dioicae, infecting Erigeron strigosus (Asteraceae), was studied for 8 years in long‐term experiments to evaluate the effects of burning in native tallgrass prairie. This experiment also allowed evaluation of the effects of nutrient additions, although E. strigosus was rare in the plots with added nutrients in most years. Burning reduced rust severity in most years, but effects from additions of nutrients were rarely observed. There was high interannual variation in rust severity within a location, suggesting that weather may be the most important of these three abiotic factors in determining infection. An analysis of weather variables associated with disease severity found that solar radiation in the month prior to sampling was associated with severity in unburned plots; temperature approximately 2 months prior to sampling was also associated with severity in burned plots. High interannual variation also suggests that the effects of this pathogen on its host would be sporadic and difficult to study in short‐term experiments.     

基于联合变化检测的耕地撂荒信息提取与驱动因素分析

撂荒地遥感提取方法主要为分类方法和变化检测方法。由于撂荒地覆被类型复杂,容易同草地、灌木混分,导致分类方法的提取精度不高。而变化检测方法易受非耕地变化因素干扰,且只能提取监测周期内的新增撂荒,无法提取监测周期之前的历史撂荒。此外,受遥感数据本身的制约,中低分数据受混合像元干扰而提取能力不足,高分遥感易受地形起伏、云层遮蔽、覆盖周期长等因素干扰而损失精度,因此,传统遥感方法提取撂荒地困难。本研究提出多源数据联合变化检测方法以提取撂荒地。利用多源数据的异质性和不同方法的互补性,针对不同类型的撂荒地制定不同的提取策略,并进行耦合分析以提取撂荒地。经实地调查验证,该方法提取总精度达到97. 6%。在此基础上,提取撂荒地的距离特征、高差特征、灌溉特征和邻域特征等自然地理指标,对其进行了显著性分析,判别了区域撂荒主导因素,为撂荒驱动力研究、定向提升撂荒地管理提供了依据。     

基于主成分-聚类分析评价不同轮作模式对土壤肥力的影响

为探明我国西北半干旱区粮经饲不同轮作模式的土壤肥力效应,于2017年在宁夏自治区固原市原州区设置玉米-豌豆(C-Pe)、玉米-玉米(C-C)、2龄苜蓿(2A)、高粱-马铃薯(B-Po)、燕麦-玉米(O-C)、马铃薯-燕麦(Po-O)、豌豆-高粱(Pe-B)7种轮作处理模式,研究了不同粮草轮作模式土壤养分、酶活性及可培养微生物群落特征,并进行土壤肥力综合评价。结果表明:(1)不同轮作处理模式对土壤养分影响显著,与其他轮作模式相比,2A模式更有利于土壤养分的累积,而C-C模式增加了对养分的消耗,C-Pe和Po-O模式的有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量高于B-Po和O-C模式,轮作处理对全钾含量影响较小。(2)不同轮作处理模式对土壤酶活性影响显著,2A模式较其他轮作模式显著增加了土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性(P<0.05),C-C模式土壤酶活性最低。O-C和Pe-B模式的蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性高于B-Po模式。(3)不同轮作处理模式对土壤可培养微生物数量影响显著,且各轮作模式下土壤微生物数量以细菌占绝对优势,放线菌次之,真菌数量最少,并有明显的土层垂直分布规律,与其他轮作模式相比,2A、C-C和B-Po模式的细菌数量和微生物总数量显著下降(P<0.05),真菌数量显著增加(P<0.05),O-C模式的细菌数量和微生物总数量明显增加,真菌数量降低。(4)运用主成分分析-数值聚类方法对不同轮作模式下土壤养分、土壤酶活性、土壤微生物数量的15个指标进行土壤肥力综合评价,主成分分析提取的2个主成分累计贡献率达89.38%,第1主成分以土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾、蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶贡献最大,达63.56%,第2主成分以细菌数量、真菌数量和微生物总数贡献最大,达25.82%,且各轮作模式在2个主成分上的综合得分排名为2A>Pe-B>C-Pe>O-C>Po-O>B-Po>C-C。再以2个主成分得分进行聚类,将7个模式共分为3类,第1类(2A)土壤综合肥力最好;第2类(Pe-B、O-C、C-Pe、Po-O、B-Po)土壤综合肥力较好;第3类(C-C)土壤综合肥力较差。研究结果为当地耕作方式改良提供理论依据和实践指导。     

六盘山华北落叶松人工林土壤水分空间异质性的降雨前后变化及其影响因素

为了阐明林冠叶面积指数、枯落物厚度等植被因子及降雨量影响下的林地土壤水分空间异质性变化规律,在宁夏六盘山香水河小流域选择了2个35a华北落叶松典型坡面(东南坡A、南坡B),遵循空间格局分析的小支撑、多样点设计原则,结合所选坡面特征,利用线状样带取样法,测定了坡面上各样点的表层(0—20cm)和亚表层(20—40cm)土壤水分、林冠叶面积指数、枯落物层厚度、坡度及离开最近一棵树主干的距离,采用经典统计结合地统计学方法,分析了降雨前后土壤水分空间变异特征;利用Pearson相关分析法分析了降雨前后坡面土壤水分与主要环境因子的数量关系;经Kriging插值得到了实验坡面降雨前后的土壤水分空间分布图。结果表明:本研究选择的2个坡面上表层和亚表层土壤水分均存在显著的空间自相关性,呈现明显的斑块状分布格局。A、B坡面雨前表层土壤水分的块基比分别为0.20和0.16,有强烈的空间自相关性;亚表层的块基比均为0.50,具有中等的空间自相关性;表层土壤水分变程分别为27.6m和23.7m,亚表层土壤水分变程为54.9m和186.0m,空间自相关性存在于较大的范围内。降雨后A、B坡面的表层土壤水分的块基比分别为0.13和0.11,亚表层的块基比为0.28和0.20;表层土壤水分变程分别为17.7m和17.3m,亚表层土壤水分变程为31.4 m和42.6 m,空间自相关性存在的范围变小。Pearson相关分析表明,A坡面土壤水分的空间变化在雨前主要受样点离开树木的距离和坡度的影响,雨后则主要受样点上方叶面积指数和枯落物厚度的影响。由此可见,此次11mm降水使2个坡面上土壤水分的空间异质性增加、空间自相关性增强,且乔木林冠层和枯落物层对降雨的截持和再分配是雨后土壤水分空间异质性增大的主要原因。     

Spatio-temporal pattern evolution and spatial spillover effect of green development efficiency: Evidence from Shandong Province,China

Improving green development efficiency is urgently required, yet challenging, since it comprehensively reflects the bidirectional evolutionary relationship between regional development and resource and environmental consumption. The issue of regional green development efficiency has become a key topic; however, where the increase in efficiency originates and its spatial spillover effect remains unclear to date. Therefore, the spatial spillover effect of the green development efficiency of Shandong Province was quantified through the slack variable (SBM)-Undesirable and Spatial Durbin model. The green development efficiency showed clear spatial differentiation in Shandong Province. This was more obvious than the polarized development trend of the provincial capital circle that has Jinan at its core and the eastern coastal region with Qingdao at its core. Green development efficiency has a significant spatial spillover effect. The regression coefficient of the direct effect of the economic development level is positive. The regression coefficient of the indirect effect of the marketization level and government financial support level is negative. Science and technology played a positive role in the promotion of the green development efficiency of local and neighboring cities. This study contributes empirical evidence to the green development efficiency associated with regional development and resource and environment consumption of Shandong Province.     

Mapping of quantitative trait loci conferring resistance to bacterial wilt in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

Tobacco bacterial wilt (TBW) is one of the most serious tobacco diseases in the world. Studies have shown that tobacco resistance to TBW is quantitatively inherited. This study aimed to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring TBW resistance. An F_2 : 3 population containing 237 lines was developed from a cross between two flue‐cured tobacco cultivars, ‘Yanyan 97’ (YY97; moderately resistant to TBW) and ‘Honghua Dajinyuan’ (HD; highly susceptible to TBW), and a linkage map consisting of 201 simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers and spanning a total length of 2326.7 cM was constructed based on the population. Field experiments were conducted 2011 and 2012, and disease symptoms were investigated three times in each year. The phenotypic data were analysed either separately or jointly for QTL mapping using the software QTLNetwork 2.1. Eight QTL with significant main effects were mapped on chromosomes 2, 6, 12, 17 and 24. A major QTL (qBWR17a) was detected on chromosome 17, which explained up to 30% of the phenotypic variation. The results can facilitate marker‐assisted selection (MAS) in TBW resistance breeding programme.     

Intercropping of Corn with Soybean and Lupin for Silage: Effect of Seeding Date on Yield and Quality

Intercropping of corn with legumes is an alternative to corn monocropping and has a number of advantages, for example, lower levels of inputs, lower costs of production and better silage quality than the monocrop system. An experiment was carried out at two sites in 1993 and 1994 to investigate the effects of seeding date (simultaneous with corn or 3 weeks later) and number of rows of large‐seeded legumes (one or two) seeded between the corn rows. The intercrop plots received 90 kg ha^?1 less nitrogen fertilizer than the monocrop plots, which received 180 kg ha^?1. Silage yields were sometimes decreased by the simultaneous seeding of corn and large‐seeded legumes. Protein content and concentration were not affected by most treatments and provided reasonable quality silage, despite a reduction in the amount of nitrogen fertilizer used.