Zirconium-Modified Activated Sludge as a Low-Cost Adsorbent for Phosphate Removal in Aqueous Solution

A highly effective zirconium-modified activated sludge (Zr(IV)-AS) adsorbent was prepared from activated sludge and applied to remove phosphate from aqueous solutions by batch and column experiments. Characterized results revealed that zirconium was successfully loaded onto the activated sludge (AS), and the specific surface area and pore volume were substantially improved after zirconium loading on the AS. Zr(IV)-AS exhibited a high adsorption affinity for phosphate and the maximum adsorption amount was 27.55 mg P·g^?1 at 25 °C. Adsorption isotherms of phosphate could be described by the Langmuir model, and the adsorption kinetics were well described by the pseudo-second-order model. Phosphate adsorption on Zr(IV)-AS increased monotonically with decreasing solution pH. The presence of SO₄^2? in water resulted in slightly decreased phosphate adsorption on the adsorbent even at a high concentration (25 mmol/L), and a greater influence of HCO₃^? on adsorption could be ascribed to the increased solution pH with the addition of the HCO₃^?. Column adsorption experimental results showed that the adsorbent has excellent phosphate adsorption properties and that the effluent can meet the requirement of phosphorus in the national wastewater discharge standard of China. Phosphate-saturated Zr(IV)-AS can be effectively desorbed in 0.1 mol L^?1 NaOH solution, and the regenerated adsorbent still possessed the high capacity. The adsorption between the adsorbent and the phosphate is due to the electrostatic interaction and anionic exchange at the surface of the Zr(IV)-AS. Furthermore, this approach provides a possibility of treating wastewater with waste and has the potential for industrial applications for the removal of phosphate from wastewater.     

宽皮柑橘对辊式剥皮机的设计与试验

为改善目前宽皮柑橘加工业中以手工去皮为主的现状,提高柑橘剥皮效率,该文根据宽皮柑橘果皮包着宽松,易与果肉分离等特点,设计了一种可以实现快速去皮的宽皮柑橘对辊式剥皮机。柑橘进入设备后,在刮板的带动下翻转向前运动,运动过程中不同形式且相向转动的剥皮辊夹持并撕扯翻起的果皮,从而将果皮从柑橘上整体剥离。该样机主要由机架、传动装置、对辊装置、拨动装置和下料装置等部件组成,具有结构紧凑,果皮分离能力强等特点。试验结果表明:样机可以很好地完成剥皮功能,宽皮柑橘果皮去净率高于97.5%,果肉损伤率低于2.68%,生产率达到202.5 kg/h,基本满足生产需求。该研究可为中国柑橘加工业中自动去皮设备研制和发展提供参考。     

过去(1958-2007)和未来(2011-2060)50年淮河流域气候变化趋势分析

根据淮河流域1958-2007年观测资料和ECHAM5/MPI-OM模式对该流域2011-2060年气候变化的预估结果,分析淮河流域1958-2007年平均气温、极端高(低)温、农业界限温度和年降水量变化,并对2011-2060年气温和降水量变化趋势进行预估。结果表明:(1)淮河流域年平均气温,20世纪90年代以前以降温为主,90年代中后期增温显著;季节变化上,春秋两季气温呈波动增加趋势,冬季增温速率较高,夏季则呈下降趋势,极端气温事件出现次数和温度变化幅度均减小。淮河流域热量资源的时间变化以增温趋势为主,各界限温度初日提前,终日推迟,持续日数和累积温度增加。从区域分布上,流域东部增温趋势强于西部。1958-2007年年降水量和极端降水等无突变性的增加或减少趋势;季节变化上,流域夏季降水量变幅较大。(2)3种排放情景下淮河流域年平均气温升高趋势一致,且SRES-A1B情景升温幅度大于其它两种情景且约在2040年突变增温,3种情景下季节平均气温均为冬季升高最快;未来年降水量有微弱增加,但M-K检测均无显著变化趋势,未来50a淮河流域季节降水仍以春、夏季降水为主,约占全年降水量的70%。     

施氮和秸秆还田对小麦-玉米轮作农田硝态氮淋溶的影响

连续4 a采用渗漏计测定法研究了陕西关中小麦-玉米轮作区施氮和秸秆还田对土壤剖面90 em处NO3--N淋溶的影响.结果表明,NO3--N淋洗主要发生在7、8、9月份或灌溉后,年际间变异较大.监测期内各处理渗漏液NO3--N浓度和淋失量的变幅为0～103.5 mg L-1和0～21.8 kg hm-2,二者均随施氮量的增加呈增加趋势.小麦施氮150 kg hm-2、玉米施氮180 kg hm-2时,连续4a作物均能获得高产.施氮量继续增加,产量不再增加,0 ～100 cm土层NO3--N累积量和90 cm处NO3--N淋失量却相应增加.秸秆还田2 a后作物显著增产,2010年和2011年分别增产15.1％和14.2％,但对NO3--N累积和淋溶的影响不显著.回归分析显示,NO3--N年淋失量和0～ 100 cm土层累积量均随年施氮量的增加呈指数形式增加,说明施氮量越高,NO3--N年淋失量和累积量越高,二者占施氮量的比例也越高.     

气候变化对黄河中上游地区潜在蒸散影响的估算

采用Penman—Monteith公式计算潜在蒸散,分析1961-2010年黄河中上游地区气候因子的变化趋势,并用偏微分方法定量分析各气候因子变化对潜在蒸散的影响。结果显示：1）近50年来黄河中上游地区气温显著升高（α〈0．01）,风速和日照时间显著减少（α〈0．01）。半干旱区面积不断扩大,气候总体呈暖干变化趋势。2）潜在蒸散对实际水汽压变化最敏感,其次为最高气温、风速和日照时间,对最低气温变化最不敏感。夏季潜在蒸散对日最高气温最敏感,其他季节对实际水汽压最敏感。3）风速对年潜在蒸散变化贡献最大,其次为气温和日照时间,实际水汽压贡献最小。春夏秋冬对潜在蒸散变化贡献最大的气候因子依次为风速、日照时间、气温。温度升高、湿度减少埘潜在蒸散的正影响已被风速、辐射下降的负影响所抵消。综合考虑各气候因子对潜在蒸散的作用有助于加深对气候变化影响机制的认识,并为气候变化适应对策研究提供科学依据。     

Effects of rake angle of chisel plough on soil cutting factors and power requirements: A computer simulation

A computer simulation was conducted to predict the effects of rake angle of a chisel plough and soil bulk density on angle of soil failure plane, rupture distance, width of side crescent, frictional, overburden, cohesion and adhesion soil cutting factors, draft forces and drawbar power requirements. The experimental work was carried out in two locations. Soil of the first location was sandy clay with the soil bulk densities of 1.75 and 1.70 g/cm³ for firm and loose soil conditions, respectively, with an angle of internal friction of 30° and a surface friction angle of 20°, cohesion of 2.5 kN/m² and adhesion of 1.2 kN/m². Soil of the second location was clay loam with the soil bulk densities of 1.65 and 1.50 g/cm³ for firm and loose soil conditions, respectively, with an angle of internal friction of 34° and a surface friction angle of 23°, cohesion of 2.4 kN/m² and adhesion of 1.14 kN/m². The prediction showed that the angle of failure plane found to decrease with the rake angle. The rupture distance decreased with the rake angle from 15° to 55° and then increased as the rake angle increased over 55°. The width of the side crescent increased as the rake angle increased and the maximum value and the minimum value were recorded at 75° and at 15°. Values of frictional and overburden factors decreased as rake angle increased. The maximum and minimum values were recorded at 15° and 75°, respectively. The values of cohesion factor increased as rake angle increased. The maximum value was recorded at rake angle of 75° and the minimum value was recorded at rake angle of 15°. Adhesion factor was found to change inversely with the rake angle from 15° to 55° and then to change directly with the rake angle over 55°. The draft force decreased with the rake angle and reached its minimum value at 45° rake angle. Over 45°, the draft force increased and reached its maximum value at 75° rake angle. The draft increased with soil bulk density. The power required for moving the plough recorded the maximum value at rake angle of 15°, while the minimum value was recorded at 55° rake angle. The values of power increased with decrease of soil bulk density. The predicted values demonstrated some deviations from the experimental values of the draft force and the drawbar power.     

基于改进残差网络的田间葡萄霜霉病病害程度分级模型

针对传统葡萄霜霉病人工诊断分级方法低效且存在滞后性的问题,提出了一种改进残差网络的田间葡萄霜霉病识别及病害程度分级模型.在田间采集霜霉病前期、中期、后期以及健康叶片图像,并模拟天气、拍摄角度及设备噪声等影响因素进行数据增容;基于不同发病程度叶片间特征相似度高、区分难度大的特点,在优选ResNet-50模型的基础上,为解...     

基于嗅觉和光谱技术融合的面粉脂肪酸值定量检测

提出了一种基于比色传感器数据和近红外光谱特征融合的储藏期面粉脂肪酸值的定量检测方法。开发比色传感器阵列、搭建便携式近红外光谱测量系统,分别采集不同储藏期面粉样本的比色传感器数据和近红外光谱。利用主成分分析分别对预处理后的比色传感器数据和近红外光谱数据进行特征降维,采用五折交互验证法在反向传播神经网络(BPNN)模型校正过程中进行优化,确定基于单技术分析模型的最佳主成分(PCs)个数。将优化后的基于单技术模型的最佳PCs在特征层进行融合,建立基于融合特征的BPNN分析模型,以实现对面粉储藏过程中脂肪酸值的快速检测。实验结果显示,基于比色传感器特征和基于近红外光谱特征建立的最佳BPNN模型的最佳PCs数量分别为3和4,基于融合特征建立的BPNN模型在预测集中的相关系数和预测均方根误差的均值分别为0.9276和1.9345 mg/(100 g)。研究表明,与单技术数据分析模型相比,基于比色传感器数据和近红外光谱特征融合模型的检测精度和泛化性能都有所提高。本研究可为粮食储藏品质的高精度原位监测提供一种技术方法。     

基于联合变化检测的耕地撂荒信息提取与驱动因素分析

撂荒地遥感提取方法主要为分类方法和变化检测方法。由于撂荒地覆被类型复杂,容易同草地、灌木混分,导致分类方法的提取精度不高。而变化检测方法易受非耕地变化因素干扰,且只能提取监测周期内的新增撂荒,无法提取监测周期之前的历史撂荒。此外,受遥感数据本身的制约,中低分数据受混合像元干扰而提取能力不足,高分遥感易受地形起伏、云层遮蔽、覆盖周期长等因素干扰而损失精度,因此,传统遥感方法提取撂荒地困难。本研究提出多源数据联合变化检测方法以提取撂荒地。利用多源数据的异质性和不同方法的互补性,针对不同类型的撂荒地制定不同的提取策略,并进行耦合分析以提取撂荒地。经实地调查验证,该方法提取总精度达到97. 6%。在此基础上,提取撂荒地的距离特征、高差特征、灌溉特征和邻域特征等自然地理指标,对其进行了显著性分析,判别了区域撂荒主导因素,为撂荒驱动力研究、定向提升撂荒地管理提供了依据。     

瓜类嫁接机上苗定位夹持装置的设计

设计了一种新型嫁接机上苗定位夹持装置,可实现嫁接苗的定位、断根和夹取功能。新型上苗定位装置由滑块摇杆收拢机构和夹取断根机构两个部分构成,针对幼苗定位连杆末端需形成包络轨迹将嫁接苗包住的农艺要求,进行机构的数学建模和仿真优化,得到了最佳的结构参数。以“拿铁砧”葫芦苗为对象取苗进行试验,其定位夹持的成功率达93%以上,符合自动嫁接需求。