应用CNCPS方法和体外产气法研究豆腐渣饲料的营养价值

为揭示豆腐渣对反刍动物的饲用价值,本试验采用康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系（CNCPS）和体外产气法对豆腐渣营养价值进行评定。测定豆腐渣的CNCPS营养成分与体外发酵参数,应用CNCPS公式计算碳水化合物（CHO）和粗蛋白质（CP）中各组分含量。结果显示,豆腐渣的CP含量为14%~25%,粗脂肪（EE）含量为1.9%~2.9%,代谢能（ME）为10~12 MJ/kg DM;易在瘤胃中降解的蛋白质（PA＋PB₁）和在瘤胃中缓慢降解的粗蛋白质（PB₂＋PB₃）的含量相当,不可降解真蛋白质（PC）含量较少;潜在可利用碳水化合物（CA＋CB₁＋CB₂）较高;体外发酵产气量均达到70 mL,氨态氮（NH₃-N）浓度在8~23 mg/dL,总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）在46~70 mmol/L。而不同来源的豆腐渣营养成分和发酵情况存在显著差异,且CNCPS碳水化合物、蛋白质组分的优劣不同。凌源豆腐渣的最大产气量（B）最高,极显著高于其他3种苹果渣（P＜0.01）,而各豆腐渣的产气速度（C）无显著差异（P＞0.05）。辽源豆腐渣氨态氮（NH₃-N）含量最高,极显著高于其他饲料（P＜0.01）。不同地方豆腐渣瘤胃液挥发性脂肪酸比例差异极显著（P＜0.01）。不同来源的豆腐渣的总可消化养分（TDN）及其他能值差异较大,以新民豆腐渣的能值最低,极显著低于其他苹果渣（P＜0.01）。综上可知,作为反刍动物非粮饲料,豆腐渣为反刍动物提供的可利用能值高,利于瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成。     

Comparison of morphology, viability, and function between blood and milk neutrophils from peak lactating goats

The morphological features of blood and milk neutrophils from peak lactating goats were compared using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and flow cytometry in order to investigate the cytological changes of neutrophils after migration into the mammary gland. The kinetics of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) generation and gelatinase release of blood and milk neutrophils, with or without stimulation of phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate ester (PMA), were used to characterize their responses to inflammatory stimuli. Neutrophils isolated from goat milk were highly segmented and contained multi-lobed nuclei. Ultrastructurally, milk neutrophils were more ruffled on the surface compared to blood neutrophils. Approximately 30% of milk neutrophils were undergoing cell death, either necrosis or apoptosis, in contrast to 8% of blood neutrophils. The ROI production of activated milk neutrophils peaked earlier than blood neutrophils, but the duration and the intensity were much less. Neutrophils from both sources augmented the release of gelatinase in response to PMA (1 ng/mL). However, the amount of gelatinase released from milk neutrophils was lower (P < 0.05) than that of blood neutrophils. In summary, more neutrophils become apoptotic and necrotic in the mammary gland, presumably due to spontaneous aging, the process of diapedesis, and the interaction with milk components. Milk neutrophils have impaired functionalities in comparison with blood neutrophils. The information is relevant when studying mammary gland immunity and related diseases, such as mastitis.     

EFFECT OF METHYLCELLULOSE ON UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL QUALITY IN DOGS

This study was performed to evaluate and optimize a small bowel contrast technique using barium and methylcellulose in dogs. Ten healthy dogs underwent both a conventional upper gastrointestinal study that used only barium and a modified study that used barium and methylcellulose. The control group received 10 mL/kg of 40% barium suspension. Experimental groups were divided into three subgroups given 15 mL/kg of different viscosities (low, moderate, and high viscosity) of 0.5% methylcellulose after 4 mL/kg of 40% barium suspension. Compared with the control group, dogs receiving methylcellulose had higher-quality upper gastrointestinal studies. Moderate viscosity of methylcellulose was superior to the other methylcellulose groups. In conclusion, the use of methylcellulose is a simple and effective method for improving the image quality in an upper GI examination.     

藜麦种质资源对霜霉病的抗性鉴定与评价

为探究藜麦(Chenopodium quinoa)种质资源在本土环境条件下对霜霉病的抗性,采用田间自然感病和室内离体叶片接菌鉴定方法对50份国内外藜麦种质资源进行了霜霉病抗性鉴定和评价。结果表明：霜霉菌Preonos variabilis对藜麦的侵染程度存在较大变异(发病率变化13.30%～100.00%;病情指数1.00～100.00),藜麦种质对霜霉病的抗性存在明显差异;筛选到1份高抗材料‘台湾红藜’,占参试材料的2.00%1份抗病材料‘QA064’,占比2.00%,2份中抗材料‘陇藜2号’和‘HL-Q5’,占比4.00%,3份感病材料‘QA045’‘QA050-2’和‘青海-02’,占比6.00%;其余43份材料均表现高感,占比86.00%。本研究首次发现‘台湾红藜’能够被P.variabilis侵染,表现为高抗,还进一步证实田间藜麦霜霉病抗性鉴定采用“三叶法”在藜麦盛花期进行效果较好,相比而言,室内离体叶片接菌鉴定技术更具优势,应作为抗性鉴定的首选。     

基于高通量测序技术挖掘分子遗传标记及其在蛋鸡生产中的精准应用

高通量测序技术是研究物种复杂生物性状遗传机制的基础,随着高通量测序技术的不断优化提升,一些与生物表型性状密切相关的基因组变异被精准地挖掘出来,其中包括单核苷酸多态位点(SNP)、小片段的插入或缺失(Indel)、拷贝数变异(CNV)以及结构变异(SV)为代表的分子标记。与传统遗传标记相比较,分子遗传标记具有多态性高、遍布整个基因组、检测手段简单快捷以及成本低廉的特点。通过检测覆盖全基因组范围内的分子标记,利用基因组水平的遗传信息对个体或群体遗传资源进行评估,能够缩短世代间隔、提高选种的准确性,进而在短期内取得较大的遗传进展。作者从高通量测序技术挖掘分子遗传标记角度入手,综述了三代测序技术发展历程和应用领域以及三代分子遗传标记检测技术在蛋鸡种业创新中的应用,并详细阐述了高通量测序技术与分子遗传标记相结合在蛋鸡群体遗传多样性及进化分类、群体遗传图谱的构建和功能基因定位、数量性状形成的遗传机制解析和质量性状形成的遗传机制解析等4个方面的精准应用,以期为蛋鸡基因组选择进入实质应用阶段提供科学依据和指导。     

Basosquamous carcinoma with systemic metastasis in a miniature Pinscher

Basosquamous carcinoma (BSCC) is a rare malignancy, primarily composed of basal cells with foci of squamous differentiation. It is considered to be histologically an intermediate type between basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, and is known to have aggressive behaviors. BSCC occurred in a 17-year-old female minipin with a history of surgical excision for a mammary tumor. The right upper hindlimb was severely enlarged to 8 x 5 cm. Cross-section showed a homogenous white to yellow-white mass compressing the surrounding muscular tissues. The tumor metastasized also to the lungs, heart, abdominal cavity, liver and salivary gland. Microscopically, basaloid cells were crowded into solid nests or lobules separated by well-developed fibrous tissues with occasional keratinizations. Since there was no skin lesions, the tumor is assumed to be originated from the formerly present tumor in mammary gland. To our literature review, this case is the first BSCC with systemic metastasis in a dog.     

中药复方多糖提取方法优化及对家禽主要致病菌的体外抑菌作用

本文采用正交设计方法,对中药复方多糖的提取工艺进行了优化,并应用打孔灌注法、试管二倍稀释法研究中药复方多糖对家禽主要致病菌的抑菌作用及最低抑菌浓度.结果显示,中药复方多糖的最佳提取工艺为:料液比1∶30,浸提时间4h,提取次数2次;中药复方多糖对4种细菌均有一定的抑菌效果,其中对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌作用最强,抑菌圈达(33.50±0.175)mm,对沙门菌、大肠杆菌、链球菌的抑菌圈分别为(20.00±0.200) mm、(27.23±0.132) mm、(8.45±0.141)mm;抑菌浓度分别为大肠杆菌125 g/L、金黄色葡萄球菌63 g/L、链球菌250 g/L、沙门菌125g/L.试验表明,中药复方多糖对家禽主要致病菌有较好的抑菌效果,可用于细菌病的防治.     

4种高原乡土禾草的抗旱生理比较

采用盆栽法对梭罗草（Roegneria thoroldiana）、草地早熟禾（Poa pratensis）、垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）和中华羊茅（Festuca sinensis）4种高原乡土禾本科牧草幼苗的抗旱性进行了比较。结果表明,一定程度的干旱胁迫后,4种禾草的游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、过氧化氢酶活性、过氧化物酶活性等均有所增加,且叶绿素分解、细胞膜透性增大、电解质外渗率增加,牧草组织细胞受到伤害。不同牧草在干旱胁迫下生理生化指标的变化不同,综合各项指标,运用隶属函数分析表明,4种禾草抗旱性强弱的排序为梭罗草>草地早熟禾>垂穗披碱草>中华羊茅。     

Evaluation of canine gastric motility with ultrasonography

For the evaluation of canine gastric motility with ultrasonography, contraction number of pyloric antrum and gastric emptying time (GET) by area and volume method developed by Bolondi et al.'s method were studied in 14 dogs. All experimental dogs were administered with saline and soup solution (10 ml/kg, B.W.). The mean values of contraction number of pyloric antrum in saline and soup group were 4.19 +/- 1.30/min and 4.82 +/- 0.65/min before feeding, and overall mean values were 4.66 +/- 1.37/min and 5.13 +/- 1.71/min, respectively. The mean values of the GET by area and volume method were 36.73 +/- 11.27, 40.00 +/- 8.87 min in saline group and 61.35 +/- 17.58, 59.11 +/- 14.46 min in soup group. In the GET in saline and soup groups, there was no significant difference between the area and volume method (p>0.05). Therefore, Bolondi et al.'s method by ultrasound can be used to evaluate the antropyloric motility and gastric emptying time with area and volume methods. The area method is easier to determine the GET than the volume method, but the latter is more accurate.