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941.
942.
The Lr56/Yr38 translocation consists primarily of alien-derived chromatin with only the 6AL telomeric region being of wheat origin. To improve its utility in wheat breeding, an attempt was made to exchange excess Ae. sharonensis chromatin for wheat chromatin through homoeologous crossover in the absence of Ph1. Translocation heterozygotes that lacked Ph1 were test-crossed with Chinese Spring nullisomic 6A tetrasomic 6B and nullisomic 6A-tetrasomic 6D plants and the resistant (hemizygous 6A) progeny were analyzed with four microsatellite markers. Genetic mapping suggested general homoeology between wheat chromosome 6A and the translocation chromosomes, and showed that Lr56 was located near the long arm telomere. Thirty of the 53 recombinants had breakpoints between Lr56 and the most distal marker Xgwm427. These were characterized with additional markers. The data suggested that recombinants #39, 157 and 175 were wheat chromosomes 6A with small intercalary inserts of foreign chromatin containing Lr56 and Yr38, located distally on the long arms. These three recombinants are being incorporated into adapted germplasm. Attempts to identify the single shortest translocation and to develop appropriate markers are being continued. 相似文献
943.
Y. X. He T. Q. Zheng X. B. Hao L. F. Wang Y. M. Gao Z. T. Hua H. Q. Zhai J. L. Xu Z. J. Xu L. H. Zhu Z. K. Li 《Plant Breeding》2010,129(2):167-175
944.
Rishi R. Burlakoti Mohamed Mergoum Shahryar F. Kianian Tika B. Adhikari 《Euphytica》2010,172(2):197-205
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease in wheat throughout the world. FHB resistance consists of two components: resistance to initial infection (type I) and resistance to spread within infected spikes (type II). Current wheat breeding programs for FHB focus on type II resistance, which limits pathogen spread but may not be sufficiently durable. To combine type I with existing type II resistance, 113 F9-derived recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were developed from a cross between three wheat genotypes Frontana, W9207, and Alsen. The RILs were evaluated for resistance to initial infection, FHB spread within spike, kernel damage, and deoxynivalenol (DON) content in two independent greenhouse experiments in 2006 and 2007. Among the 113 RILs, 20% lines showed ≤10% initial disease severity (IDS) and ≤11 to 30% final disease severity (FDS), and 19% had DON content ≤5 μg/g. Approximately 11% of the RILs showed tendency of higher resistance (as exhibited by lower IDS, FDS, and DON content) than the resistant parents. The 42 of the FHB-resistant RILs were analyzed with seven simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers or microsatellites known to be linked to FHB resistance. Approximately half of the RILs had molecular markers linked to both types of FHB resistance indicated the presence of type I and II resistance alleles in the RILs. The resistant RILs identified in this study should be useful for the future improvement of FHB resistance in spring wheat. 相似文献
945.
946.
K. Humbroich H. Jaiser A. Schiemann P. Devaux A. Jacobi L. Cselenyi A. Habekuss W. Friedt F. Ordon 《Plant Breeding》2010,129(3):346-348
947.
C. S. MAYNE R. D. NEWBERRY S. C. F. WOODCOCK R. J. WILKINS 《Grass and Forage Science》1987,42(1):59-72
Two experiments were carried out to examine the effects of grazing severity on the performance of January/February calved British Friesian dairy cows. In Experiment 1, three groups of cows were rotationally grazed across twenty-four one-day paddocks with high (H), medium (M) or low (L) herbage allowances. Cows on treatment M were offered a daily herbage allowance designed to achieve a residual sward height of 50 mm, assessed by a rising-plate sward stick. The daily herbage allowance (g organic matter (kg live-weight)-1 on treatments L and H were 0.30 below and above that for M, respectively, to give residual sward heights of 42 and 59 mm. In Experiment 2, three groups of cows were grazed across twenty-four one-day paddocks to obtain residual sward heights of 50 mm (severe), 60 mm (moderate) and 80 mm (lax). Average milk yields on the L, M and H treatments in Experiment 1 were 11.8, 14.6 and 14.5 kg d,-1 and in Experiment 2 they were 13.7, 16.0 and 17.0 kg d-1 on the severe, moderate and lax treatments, respectively. The results indicate that the critical herbage height below which milk production per cow declines may vary with the production potential of the animal. There were no significant treatment effects on milk composition. Milk output ha-1 and utilized metabolizable energy ha-1 were greatest with the low herbage allowance in Experiment I and the moderate treatment in Experiment 2. Net herbage accumulation on the severe treatment in Experiment 2 was 30% lower than that on the lax treatment, as a result of treading damage in early season. It is concluded that, in a rotational grazing system, a reasonable compromise between sward utilization and animal performance can be achieved by grazing January/February calved cows to a residual sward height of 60 mm as assessed by a rising-plate sward stick. This is equivalent to a sward surface height of about 80 mm. 相似文献
948.
Mariela Fuentes Bram Govaerts Fernando De León Claudia Hidalgo Luc Dendooven Ken D. Sayre Jorge Etchevers 《European Journal of Agronomy》2009,30(3):228-237
Soil management systems may negatively affect the quality of the soil. Policymakers and farmers need scientific information to make appropriate land management decisions. Conventional (CT) and zero tillage (ZT) are two common soil management systems. Comparative field studies under controlled conditions are required to determine the impact of these systems on soil quality and yields. The research presented studied plant and soil physical and chemical characteristics as affected by different agricultural management practices, i.e. ZT and CT, cropped with continuous wheat or maize in monoculture (M) or in a yearly rotation (R) of these two crops, either with residue retention (+r) or without residues retention (?r), in an experimental field in the Transvolcanic Belt of Mexico after 14 years. The dominant factors defining soil quality were organic C, total N, moisture, aggregate stability, mechanical resistance, pH and EC. The principal component combining the variables organic C, total N, aggregate stability and moisture content showed the highest correlations with final yield (R = 0.85 for wheat and 0.87 for maize).After 14 years of continuous practice, ZTM + r and ZTR + r had the best soil quality and produced the highest wheat and maize yields of average 2001–2004 (6683 and 7672 kg ha?1 and 5085 and 5667 kg ha?1, respectively). Removing the residues, i.e. treatments ZTM ? r with maize (average 2001–2004: 1388 kg ha?1) and ZTR ? r and CTR ? r with wheat (average 2001–2004: 3949 and 5121 kg ha?1), gave the lowest yields and less favourable soil physical and chemical characteristics compared to the other practices. It was found that zero tillage with residue retention is a feasible management technology for farmers producing maize and wheat in the agro-ecological zone studied, resulting in a better soil quality and higher yields than with the conventional farmer practice (maize monoculture, conventional tillage and residue removal). 相似文献
949.
To compile self-(in)compatibility almond genotypes, a review of 133 commercial cultivars of wide geographical origin was made. The information gathered from own and mainly published work will be useful for both grower's cultivar choice when planting and for breeder's cross design when planning. The almond S genotypes compiled were identified using five different methods: biological (pollination tests in the field and in the laboratory) and molecular (RNases, PCR and sequencing). In most cases, genotypes were assigned after combining more than one technique. Cultivars were classified into three categories: self-incompatible (99), self-compatible (16) and doubtful self-incompatible (18). The database is divided in 9 fields (name, origin, parentage, obtention year (crossing, selection or release), S genotype, technique used, reference, consensus genotype, and cross incompatibility group). A study of the 27 S alleles already identified and their geographical distribution within the cultivated almond is also presented. The study was divided into cultivars of known and unknown parentage and the distribution of S alleles frequencies was uneven among the 133 cultivars. S allele frequencies are related to geographical origin. Some alleles (S 1, S 5, S 7 and S 8) are more frequently observed than the others among cultivars of both known and unknown parentage. In the cultivated almond, the S f allele is only found in the Puglia region, Italy. The S f frequency is three times higher in cultivars released from breeding programmes than in cultivars selected by growers. From the 351 resulting possible genotypes by combination of the 27 S alleles identified only 20 CIG (0-XIX) have been established, which represents a small fraction of the whole genetic diversity of this polymorphic gene in almond. 相似文献
950.
This study aimed to investigate a cultivar selection criterion based on income ha−1 in common wheat. Regional yield trials with 20 entries were planted in Diyarbakır, Hazro and Ceylanpınar in southeast Anatolia in the 2004/2005 growing season. A randomized complete block design with four replications was employed. Grain samples from each location were subjected to quality analyses, and then presented to randomly selected grain purchasers with the local commodity market for market price estimations. Entries 1, 9, 10, 7 and 6 were the top five ranking entries for grain yield, giving 5,320, 5,290, 5,280, 5,140 and 5,130 kg ha−1, respectively. From the market price perspective, entries 17, 3, 7, 20 and 8 received the five highest marketing price offers with the values 239.0, 238.1, 237.1, 236.9 and 236.7 US$ tonne−1, respectively. There was a US$ 10.94 tonne−1 market price difference between entries with the highest and the lowest market price. The only quality analyses showing significant correlations with market price were Zeleny sedimentation value and hectolitre weights (kg hl−1). From thev production income [= marketing price (US$ tonne−1) × grain yield (kg ha−1)] point of view, entries 9, 10, 1, 7 and 6 were ranked from 1st to 5th for production income ha−1 with the values 1,241.0, 1,238.0, 1,219.9, 1,214.2 and 1,209.3 US$ ha−1, respectively. All five high yielding entries were also high-income entries. A rank stability analysis further indicated that entry numbers 6, 7, 8, 4 and 1 stable for high production income ha−1. A simulation study, based on allocation of additional premiums for high quality indicated that entries 9,1,10, 7, and 6 would be top ranking for high income ha−1 if given an additional premium of as much as twice the standard deviations of market price for each entry (the highest premium limit; 20.24 US$ tonne−1). The order for cultivar preference for high production income ha−1 would change and would generate 1,321.94, 1,296.20, 1,281.11, 1,258.06 and 1,243.01 US$ ha−1, respectively. It was concluded that the relatively quality conscious Şanlıurfa commodity market does not offer adequate premiums for the high quality grains. This results in farmer preference for high yielding lower quality cultivars. Even though quality cannot be neglected, and cultivar preference could change with additional premiums, breeders must give more attention to high production income ha−1. 相似文献