1999-2016年天山西部植被覆盖的时空变化

[目的]调查天山西部生态环境植被覆盖状况,为科学保护区域生态环境和管理提供科学依据。[方法]以天山西部林区—霍城林场为研究对象,基于1999,2007和2016年3个时期的Landsat TM遥感影像和DEM数据,运用归一化植被指数分析研究区植被覆盖情况和空时变化特征。[结果]时间变化上,1999—2016年期间霍城林场植被覆盖以Ⅱ和Ⅲ级为主,所占比重达到55%以上,总体上是呈现上升趋势;空间分布上,霍城林场因海拔、坡度和坡向等地形因子的不同而出现不同的分布和变化特征,当海拔在1 500~2 000 m和2 000~2 500 m或者坡度30°~45°的区域时,植被覆盖度相对较高;当海拔 < 1 500 m以及 > 2 500 m或坡度 < 30°的区域时,植被覆盖度相对较低;植被覆盖度随着坡向的变化而变化着,呈现出阴坡 > 半阴坡 > 半阳坡 > 阳坡的分布特征;当海拔 < 1 500m和坡度 < 30°的区域时,植被覆盖度变化较为明显,而当海拔 > 2 500 m和坡度 > 45°的区域时,因受人为社会活动影响小,植被覆盖变化不明显。[结论]1999—2016年期间,霍城林场植被覆盖在时间变化上总体呈现上升趋势,在空间分布上因海拔、坡度和坡向等地形因子的不同呈现不同的分布和变化特征。     

Nitrogen Release from Slow-Release Fertilizers in Soils with Different Microbial Activities

Soil microbial activity is recognized as an important factor affecting nitrogen (N) release from slow-release fertilizers. However,studies on the effect of size and activity of soil microflora on fertilizer degradation have provided contrasting results. To date, no clear relationships exist between soil microbial activity and the release of N from slow-release fertilizers. Hence, the aim of this study was to better understand such relationships by determining the release of N from three slow-release fertilizers in soils with different microbial activities. Soils were amended with urea-formaldehyde (UF), isobutylidene diurea (IBDU), and crotonylidene diurea (CDU). Urea, a soluble fertilizer, was used as the control. Fertilized soil samples were placed in a leaching system, and the release of N was determined by measuring ammonium-N and nitrate-N concentrations in leachates during 90 d of incubation. Non-linear regression was used to fit N leaching rate to a first-order model. In all the treated soils, N was released in the order: urea (89%–100%) IBDU (59%–94%) UF (46%–73%) CDU (44%–56%). At the end of incubation, N released from CDU did not differ (P 0.05) among soils. On the contrary, UF and IBDU released significantly lower (P 0.05) amounts of N in the soil with higher microbial activity and lower pH.The rate constant (K_0) for UF was lower (P 0.05) in the soil with lower pH. Taken together, our results indicated that soil microbial size and microbial activity had a marginal effect on fertilizer mineralization.     

连续降雨后太湖流域典型农田土地利用方式下土壤至入湖河流水体细菌群落的变化

研究以太湖区域中林地、桃园、稻田以及链接这些典型土地的河流共8个点为取样地,借助16S rRNA扩增子高通量测序和分析技术,基于Illumina HiSeq测序平台,利用双末端测序的方法得到1 865 862条原始序列,通过对原始序列进行拼接、过滤,得到1 712 497条有效序列,按照97%相似性将优质序列划分为95 132 条可操作分类单元（OTU, operational taxonomic units） ,同时基于OTUs 信息计算Alpha 和Beta 群落丰富度和多样性指数,并采用RDP Classifier结合GreenGene数据库对代表性OTU 序列进行注释。在OTU聚类信息、群落多样性指数及组间差异性物种统计方面,分析了明显连续降雨后监测的细菌群落从农田到河流连续地变化规律。结果表明,森林景观带、稻田、桃园土壤细菌种群多样性明显比河流水体中丰富,说明陆源微生物在迁移过程中发生了适应特定生境的变化。Acidobacteria门在森林景观带、水稻田、桃园中表现出较高的丰度,Proteobacteria门在河流中展现出更大的种群优势。Nitrospirae门是一类具有硝化作用的细菌,在水稻田中显示较高的优势。Yersinia属、Flavobacterium属、Aeromonas属、Pseudomonas属、Acinetobacter属是具有传播水生动物、人畜流行疾病能力的种群,并且在河流中具有较高丰度,应当引起注意。Sphaerotilus属对污水中的有机物和有毒物质有很强的降解作用,在河流中的丰度高于土壤。Sphingomonas属、Arthrobacter属、Thiobacillus属能够降解除草剂、农药等有机污染物,在桃园和稻田中表现出较高丰度,具有环境修复价值。本文为系统掌握太湖流域果园和水稻田土壤细菌群落结构的差异特征,以及土壤微生物群落从农田系统到河流的变化规律提供了理论依据,提示该区域农业从事者应当从经济、生态和健康方面综合考虑土地利用方式。     

重金属铅对绢毛委陵菜光合特性及荧光参数的影响

为探讨不同浓度重金属Pb²⁺胁迫对绢毛委陵菜（Potentilla sericea L.>）光合特性及荧光参数的影响,本文采用盆栽的方法,通过对绢毛委陵菜净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO₂浓度（Ci）等多项指标的测定,并对其变化规律做了比较研究。结果表明：绢毛委陵菜胞间CO₂浓度（Ci）随Pb²⁺胁迫时间的延长及胁迫浓度的增大呈上升趋势,而净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）变化趋势与胞间CO₂浓度（Ci）变化趋势相反;Pb²⁺胁迫50 d时PSⅡ潜在活性（Fv/Fo）、最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）均随胁迫浓度的增大逐渐降低;绢毛委陵菜在Pb²⁺浓度为300 mg·kg^-1、600 mg·kg^-1时能够生存,但生长缓慢。研究表明随着铅浓度的提高,铅通过影响植物的非气孔限制来影响绢毛委陵菜的光合特性。     

Near infrared spectroscopy as a tool for intensive mapping of vineyards soil

The wine industry has always been particularly interested in the influence of the terroir characteristics on the features of a wine. Over the past few years, a growing interest has spurred on the mechanisms by which a particular soil influences the vine’s growth, grape variety characteristics and ultimately wine quality. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a rapid, non-destructive, low-cost and robust analytical method for chemical and physical property determination. Its use for soil characterization, discrimination and compound determination is rapidly increasing. In this work, NIRS data were collected in two vineyards, one in the Dão Wine Region (centre of Portugal) and one in the Vinhos Verdes Wine Region (North of Portugal) previously characterized in terms of soils. Wet, dried and dried-ground soil samples collected from specific vineyard locations were scanned on a Fourier-transform near infrared spectrometer (FTLA 2000, ABB, Quebec, Canada) in diffuse reflectance mode. Spectra were analysed with chemometric tools, namely principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Results revealed that dried, ground soil samples gave better results, but not substantially so when compared with wet or dried samples. Discriminant models showed that the NIRS method is able to discriminate the different vineyard soil types, reproducing very accurately the mapping generated by pedology methods. Variations within the same soil type (present at different locations in the vineyard) were also detected by NIRS. The NIRS technology was shown to be suitable for correlating, complementing and perhaps eventually replacing costly, time-consuming vineyard soil mapping methods.     

中国南方杉木人工林碳动态模拟研究

【目的】探索人工林碳动态,评估造林对陆地碳源/汇的贡献。【方法】以我国南方4省(浙江、福建、江西和湖南)杉木人工林为研究对象,基于样地调查数据和文献数据,利用碳核算模型CO2FIX模拟杉木人工林生物量、土壤和木材产品的碳动态。【结果】碳核算模型CO2FIX能够较好地对我国南方4省杉木人工林的生物量碳进行模拟,模型所选用的其他参数在研究区域具有较好的代表性和适用性。经过5个轮伐期(129年),杉木人工林在生物量、土壤和林产品中的储碳量共增加23.56t/hm2,碳储量年均增加0.23t/hm2。【结论】我国南方4省杉木人工林地在未来103年共能吸收大气CO20.23Pg,杉木人工林与其他森林生态系统一样,具有较强的碳汇功能。     

大豆不同环境下脂肪酸组分含量的QTL分析

大豆油的品质取决于脂肪酸各组分在大豆中的比例, 为发掘控制大豆5种脂肪酸含量的数量性状位点(QTL), 利用冀豆12和黑豆重组自交系群体构建遗传图谱, 采用Windows QTL Cartographer 2.5和QTL Network-2.0软件的CIM和MCIM法对大豆5种脂肪酸组分进行数量性状定位。结果表明,在石家庄和三亚各环境下共检测到16个QTL, 位于连锁群A2、B2、C2、F、G、I、L上。对2个环境联合分析, 检测到13个QTL, 其中9个用2种方法被检测到, 但这13个位点与环境互作的贡献率明显小于加性效应。其中在B2连锁群Satt168~Satt556控制硬脂酸的QTL Ste-1在河北石家庄和海南三亚均能被检测到, 贡献率均为12%, 在双尾群体和间隔挑选群体中也能检测到控制硬脂酸的QTL Ste-1, 说明这一QTL稳定存在于本组合群体中, 为今后大豆硬脂酸的QTL精细定位奠定了基础。     

大型抽水蓄能电站地下厂房环境测试方案

为了评估大型抽水蓄能电站地下厂房温湿度控制的效果,提高运行环境的舒适性及其对机电设备安全性的设计水平,分析了宜兴抽水蓄能电站地下主厂房、母线洞、主变洞、排风道的结构特点,结合地下厂房及主要洞室的通风、内部空气循环以及各自不同的温湿度性能参数分析要求,选用合适的温度、湿度、噪声环境参数测量仪表,分别设计了厂房和不同洞室的通风除湿性能测试方案.经过初步的测试及分析可以得到,选用的测试仪表具有价格适中、精度高和使用方便的特点;制定的测试系统和方案可以全面而系统地测试地下厂房温湿度控制效果.选用的仪器仪表和测试方案结合了厂房和通风空调系统的特点与要求,可以为同类电站通风空调系统测试和性能分析提供参考.