The influence of the sowing time on the intensity of attack by the panicle generation of frit fly

Summary Early sowing of winter and spring barley and oats are in general more effective in relation to the attack of frit fly panicle generation than the later sowing, with the exception of late varieties.Meanwhile, we must have in mind that favourable weather conditions in autumn may enable the insects to prolong their activity and to attack the early sowing crops.As well, drought in autumn and low temperature in the spring which occur very often in this area, delay the germination and sprouting so that the heading time of early sown crops coincides with the time of late sown ones.

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Zusammenfassung Die Fritfliege ist einer der wichtigsten Gersten- und Haferschädlinge in Jugoslawien. Die größten Schäden werden durch die zur Zeit der Rispenbildung auftretende Generation verursacht. Bei Versuchen wurde ermittelt, daß die Ertragseinbuße bei einigen Gerstenvarietäten 80% erreichte.Die chemischen Bekämpfungsmöglichkeiten gegen die Fritfliege sind beschränkt. Indirekte Maßnahmen zur Zeit der Aussaat könnten die Befallsintensität während der Rispenbildung erheblich verringern.Die Befallsintensität steht in direkter Abhängigkeit vom Aussaattermin. Bei früher Aussaat ist die Ertragsminderung viel geringer. Wir empfehlen daher in großen Teilen Jugoslawiens, so früh wie möglich im Frühjahr mit der Aussaat zu beginnen.Die gleiche Empfehlung gilt auch für den Anbau von Wintergerste und -hafer, die vom Befall der Herbstgeneration der Fritfliege und einiger anderer im Frühherbst noch aktiver Schädlinge bedroht sind. Die Möglichkeiten einer frühzeitigen Aussaat in dieser Jahreszeit sind allerdings manchmal durch ungünstige Wetterbedingungen in den betreffenden Gebieten begrenzt.

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Résumé En Yougoslavie, l'oscinie (Oscinella frit L.) est l'un des pires parasites de l'orge et de l'avoine. Les plus grands dégâts sont causés par la panicule-génération de cette mouche. Au cours d'expériences, le pourcentage des céréales endommagées atteignait 80 pour certaines variétés d'orge.Les possibilités de lutte chimique contre l'oscinie sont limitées. Des mesures de lutte indirecte au moment des semailles pourraient être d'une grande importance du fait qu'elles réduisent l'intensité d'infestation par la panicule-génération de l'oscinie.L'intensité de l'infestation par la panicule-génération dépend directement de l'époque des semailles. Lorsque les semis sont effectuées de bonne heure, le nombre de grains endommagés est plus bas que lorsque les semis sont faits plus tard. C'est pourquoi l'auteur recommande de procéder dans une grande partie de la Yougoslavie à des semailles de printemps précoces.Il fait les mêmes recommandations pour les semailles d'orge et d'avoine d'hiver. En ce cas, l'auteur étudie l'infestation par la génération de mouches écloses en automne et par d'autres parasites encore atcifs au début de l'automne. Il n'est parfois guère possible de semer de bonne heure à cette saison là, étant donné les conditions atmosphériques défavorables qui règnent dans les régions dont il est question.

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The paper was presented to the VIth International Congress of Plant Protection, Vienna, 1967.     

滴施缩节胺与氮肥对棉花生长发育及产量的影响

为探明缩节胺与氮肥对棉花农艺性状的互作效应,试验采用双因素随机区组设计,设置150 (N1)、300 (N2)、450 kg hm–2 (N3) 3个施氮(纯N)水平, 525 (D1)、1050 (D2)、2100 g hm–2 (D3) 3个缩节胺水平,交互共9个处理。研究滴施不同剂量氮肥与缩节胺对棉花农艺性状、棉铃时空分布、干物质积累及分配、产量及纤维品质的影响。结果表明,缩节胺与氮肥互作效应对棉花农艺性状影响显著,在低氮状态下缩节胺对棉花生长的延缓作用减弱甚至消失。N1处理下, D3处理相比D1处理棉株的株高、果枝始节高、第4果枝长、第7果枝长分别增加12.07、1.54、1.28和1.20cm。在正常或高氮状态下缩节胺对棉花生长产生一定的延缓作用,其控制效果并不随缩节胺剂量增加而增强,N3处理下,D3处理相比D1处理棉株的株高、第1果枝长、第2果节间平均长度分别降低1.05、1.68和1.52cm。棉株的株高、茎粗与果枝数随施氮量增加而增加, N3处理相比N1处理分别增加3.30 cm、0.75 mm与0.29台;其果枝长与果节间长在不同施氮量间无明显差异。D2处理相比D1与...     

施氮量及打顶方式对棉花营养积累与分配及产量的影响

以‘新陆早57号’棉花品种为试验材料,研究了不同施氮量（0、100、200、300、400 kg·hm^-2）对化学封顶与人工打顶下棉花营养积累与分配等的影响。结果表明：在施氮量达到300 kg·hm^-2后,化学封顶棉花地上部分干物质积累量和氮素积累量仍有小幅增长,而人工打顶棉花呈现下降趋势。棉花干物质快速积累期化学封顶处理为出苗后59~109 d,而人工打顶为出苗后56~100 d。在棉花生育后期（打顶后30~60 d）,同等施氮量条件下化学封顶棉花地上部分干物质积累量及氮素积累量高于人工打顶棉花。该研究最佳施氮量为300 kg·hm^-2时,可显著增加棉花单株结铃数0.66~1.66个,平均增产26.72%。     

Does biomass production depend on plant community diversity?

In order to ensure the sustainability of agroecosystems, biodiversity must be a priority. Agroforestry, which includes trees, is an example of such diverse systems. We evaluated plant diversity and aboveground biomass production to assess whether areas under fallow following traditional cultivation return to their initial condition. Also, plant diversity and aboveground biomass production were assessed in agroforestry systems (AFS) to determine if these were similar to unmanaged ecosystems. Another objective of the study was to observe the influence of plant diversity on aboveground biomass production in plant communities and also in the population of the dominant species, Cordia oncocalyx. Plant diversity was evaluated by assessing species richness, as well as using Shannon’s (H′) and Pielou’s (J′) indices. Aboveground plant biomass was evaluated in two AFS: agrosilvopastoral (ASP) and silvopastoral (SP), and also in a traditionally managed agricultural system (AG), areas that had been under fallow for six years (F6) and nine years (F9) and an area of unmanaged caatinga (CAT) vegetation. We observed that the ASP system had a lower diversity and number of species, especially tree species. However, it sustained the same total biomass production as CAT and fallow areas. The SP system, despite having lower H′ and J′ indices as well as lower total biomass production, had a similar number of species to CAT and cropped and fallow systems AG, F6 and F9. Plant biomass in F6 and F9 had recovered to productivity levels of unmanaged CAT vegetation; however the diversity indices were not restored to the same level. Plant diversity did not have an effect on the productivity of the agroecosystems. Likewise, annual biomass production by C. oncocalyx is not dependent upon diversity, but it is influenced by the growth stage of individuals.     

Bovine abortion caused by infection with Leptospira pomona

Abstract

Extract

A gram-negative pleomorphic facultative aerobic organism, indistinguishable morphologically and culturally from that isolated from suppurative epididymitis in rams and described by Dodd &; Hartley (1955) Dodd, D. C. and Hartley, W. J. 1955. N.Z. vet. J., 3: 105–105. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar], has, over the last five years, been isolated at this laboratory on more than ten occasions from polytenosynovitis and pyaemia in lambs, and on one occasion from mastitis in a ewe. It still remains to characterize and classify this organism, but Roberts has made a detailed comparison of it with his Histophilus ovis (Roberts, 1956 Roberts, D. S. 1956. Aust. vet. J., 32: 330–330.  [Google Scholar]) and considers that the two are indistinguishable (Roberts, 1958, pers. comm.).     

去呋喃甲酰基头孢噻呋标准曲线及线性范围的测定

头孢噻呋在动物体内能被迅速地代谢成去呋喃甲酰基头孢噻呋（DFC）,DFC有很好的抗菌活性。因此,在进行头孢噻呋的药动学研究时,均先将头孢噻呋转化成DFC,再测定DFC的量。目前,国内有学者对头孢噻呋对家畜家禽疾病的疗效和抗菌活性等进行研究;而药动学研究只有针对猪的研究,其采用的方法为微生物杯碟法。国内用HPLC外标检测头孢噻呋的药物残留仅停留在检测头孢噻呋原型上,国内尚未见对该药代谢产物DFC在动物体内含量的测定。本文对去呋喃甲酰基头孢噻呋标准曲线及线性范围的测定进行讨论,为以后测定头孢噻呋在体内的药物动力学研究建立试验理论基础。     

伊犁河流域土壤中As、Hg环境地球化学基线及环境现状研究

为了新疆伊犁河流域地区农学、工业等与土壤环境的和谐发展,了解重金属元素在土壤介质中的现状水平是其发展的前提,采用地球化学基线值这一观点研究砷(As)、汞(Hg)2种重金属元素在研究区域土壤中的含量水平,并通过2种元素在土壤中的地质累积指数(Igeo)分析伊犁河流域土壤的环境现状。运用合理的方法确定砷(As)（标准化方法）、汞(Hg)（统计学方法）的环境地球化学基线值,其基线值分别为35.2 mg/kg、9.32 μg/kg。通过地质累积指数分析结果显示,对于砷(As)、汞(Hg)来说,伊犁河流域土壤都表现出较为“洁净”。砷(As)元素在供试土壤中表现出,77.9%的土壤甚为“洁净”,21.1%洁净程度降低,还有1%表现出“不洁净”;汞(Hg)元素在供试土壤中表现出,95.2%土壤甚为“洁净”,4.8%洁净程度降低。砷(As)、汞(Hg)在4种供试土类中表现出不同的洁净程度,对于砷(As)元素来说,4种供试土类中受As元素影响的洁净度大小为：盐碱土>黑钙土>栗钙土>灰钙土;对于Hg来说,则是灰钙土=盐碱土>黑钙土>栗钙土。从2种元素在供试土壤中所占洁净程度比例来看,Hg比As在伊犁河流域土壤中表现出更为“洁净”。同时发现海拔高度、土壤类型是影响伊犁河流域地区As、Hg现状水平的重要自然因素。四种供试土类中受砷的污染程度大小为盐碱土>黑钙土>栗钙土>灰钙土;对于汞元素来说,则是灰钙土=盐碱土>黑钙土>栗钙土。从两种元素在供试土壤中所占洁净程度比例来看,汞比砷在伊犁河流域土壤中表现出更为“洁净”。     

Disease-weather relationships for powdery mildew and yellow rust on winter wheat

Key weather factors determining the occurrence and severity of powdery mildew and yellow rust epidemics on winter wheat were identified. Empirical models were formulated to qualitatively predict a damaging epidemic (>5% severity) and quantitatively predict the disease severity given a damaging epidemic occurred. The disease data used was from field experiments at 12 locations in the UK covering the period from 1994 to 2002 with matching data from weather stations within a 5 km range. Wind in December to February was the most influential factor for a damaging epidemic of powdery mildew. Disease severity was best identified by a model with temperature, humidity, and rain in April to June. For yellow rust, the temperature in February to June was the most influential factor for a damaging epidemic as well as for disease severity. The qualitative models identified favorable circumstances for damaging epidemics, but damaging epidemics did not always occur in such circumstances, probably due to other factors such as the availability of initial inoculum and cultivar resistance.     

Examining the Effects of the Destroying Ammunition,Mines, and Explosive Devices on the Presence of Heavy Metals in Soil of Open Detonation Pit: Part 1—Pseudo-total Concentration

This paper presents the results of determining the pseudo-total concentration of five heavy metals in the soil on which the destruction of ammunition, mines, and explosive devices is carried out by the method of open detonation. In the analyzed area, the concentrations of cadmium, lead, nickel, copper, and zinc were determined, while from the physical properties of the soil were determined the granulometric composition and the pH. The aim of the study is to determine the origin and total load on heavy metals and, based on that, to assess the dangers and impact of the site in terms of the soil pollution by heavy metals. In accordance with the regulations of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the results of the soil testing showed a significant load of copper (up to seven times) and cadmium (up to six times), and exceeding the allowed values for nickel and zinc in some places. Lead was the only metal whose concentration was within the maximum allowed and according to that the soil was classified as unpolluted. A sample of soil from the edge of the pit is the only sample in which all heavy metals, except Ni, were within the maximum allowable concentration. In regard to the concentration of the examined metals, the soil of the pit is classified as medium polluted from the aspect of copper, cadmium, and nickel and highly contaminated with zinc. The concentrations of copper and zinc in the examination area correspond to contaminated soil that represents ecological risk, which requires soil remediation.     

Investigation of Arsenic Removal from Water by Iron-Mixed Mesoporous Pellet in a Continuous Fixed-Bed Column

Natural clay combing with iron oxide and iron particle was developed to be iron-mixed mesoporous pellet that was packed in a fixed-bed column for removing arsenic from water. The performance of the column in terms of breakthrough curve analysis was investigated with the variations of influent flow rate, adsorbent bed height, initial solution pH, and initial adsorbate concentration. The results indicated that increasing in the flow rate decreased the removal capacities of the adsorbent. A relatively low bed height provided a better and beneficial performance. Higher adsorption capacity was observed with an increase of initial adsorbate concentration. At higher initial solution pH, the repulsive process occurred between adsorbate species and the surface charge of the adsorbent, resulting in a poor performance of the column. The Thomas model fitted very well to the experimental data for all cases. Estimated from the model, the highest adsorption capacity for arsenite and arsenate was found to be about 509 and 430 μg/g, respectively. The Adam-Bohart model provided only a relatively satisfactory fit to the initial part of the experimental data. From a practical view, the new developed pellet could be used as the effective and efficient adsorbent to treat elevated arsenic contaminated groundwater.