我国特用玉米生产现状与发展对策

特用玉米是一类具有专用性、优质性、高效性特点的玉米类型。特用玉米产业化发展对调整玉米种植结构具有重要意义。就特用玉米国内外的生产现状、特性和经济价值以及发展特用玉米的前景进行了阐述,并对我国特用玉米的产业化发展提出对策,以期为今后特用玉米的发展提供依据。     

Dynamics of maize straw–derived nitrogen in soil aggregates as affected by fertilization

Journal of Soils and Sediments - The addition of maize residue nitrogen (N) to the soil strongly influences soil N accumulations, but the specific contributions of maize residue N to soil...     

基于随机森林偏差校正的农业干旱遥感监测模型研究

以3个月尺度的标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI3指数)为因变量,采用融合多源遥感数据的随机森林(RF)算法构建淮河流域2001—2014年作物生长季(4—10月)的农业干旱监测模型,采用简单线性回归、偏差估算法、旋转残差法和最优角度残差旋转法4种方法进行模型结果校正,以决定系数(R2)、均方根误差(RMSE)及干旱等级监测准确率对模型监测能力进行评估。选取最优校正方法,构建随机森林偏差校正干旱监测模型(Bias-correcting random forest drought condition,BRFDC),通过站点实测土壤相对湿度及干旱事件记录对模型干旱监测能力进行验证。结果表明:采用最优角度残差旋转法校正后,模型模拟精度指标R2和RMSE分别为0.897、0.874和0.335、0.362,优于其他校正方法;偏差估算法对各类干旱等级监测更为准确,尤其是对极端干旱的监测准确率最高,达到33.3%～50.0%,最终采用偏差估算法作为最优校正方法,构建BRFDC模型;相比SPEI3,BRFDC模型计算指数与大部分站点土壤相对湿度的相关性更加显著(P 0.01),适于农业干旱监测; BRFDC模型能够准确监测淮河流域2001年严重干旱事件的时空演变过程,并能有效识别极端旱情。该模型可为淮河流域农业抗旱工作的有效开展提供科学依据。     

Maize–legume intercropping promote N uptake through changing the root spatial distribution,legume nodulation capacity,and soil N availability

Legume cultivars affect N uptake, component crop growth, and soil physical and chemical characteristics in maize–legume intercropping systems. However, how belowground interactions mediate root growth, N fixation, and nodulation of different legumes to affect N uptake is still unclear. Hence, a two-year experiment was conducted with five planting patterns, i.e., maize–soybean strip intercropping (IMS), maize–peanut strip intercropping (IMP), and corresponding monocultures (monoculture maize (MM), monoculture soybean (MS), and monoculture peanut (MP)), and two N application rates, i.e., no N fertilizer (N–) and conventional N fertilizer (N+), to examine relationships between N uptake and root distribution of crops, legume nodulation and soil N availability. Results showed that the averaged N uptake per unit area of intercrops was significantly lower than the corresponding monocultures. Compared with the monoculture system, the N uptake of the intercropping systems increased by 31.7–45.4% in IMS and by 7.4–12.2% in IMP, respectively. The N uptake per plant of intercropped maize and soybean significantly increased by 61.6 and 31.8%, and that of intercropped peanuts significantly decreased by 46.6% compared with the corresponding monocultures. Maize and soybean showed asymmetrical distribution of roots in strip intercropping systems. The root length density (RLD) and root surface area density (RSAD) of intercropped maize and soybean were significantly greater than that of the corresponding monocultures. The roots of intercropped peanuts were confined, which resulted in decreased RLD and RSAD compared with the monoculture. The nodule number and nodule fresh weight of soybean were significantly greater in IMS than in MS, and those of peanut were significantly lower in IMP than in MP. The soil protease, urease, and nitrate reductase activities of maize and soybean were significantly greater in IMS and IMP than in the corresponding monoculture, while the enzyme activities of peanut were significantly lower in IMP than in MP. The soil available N of maize and soybean was significantly greater increased in IMS and IMP than in the corresponding monocultures, while that of IMP was significantly lower than in MP. In summary, the IMS system was more beneficial to N uptake than the IMP system. The intercropping of maize and legumes can promote the N uptake of maize, thus reducing the need for N application and improving agricultural sustainability.     

施氮量及打顶方式对棉花营养积累与分配及产量的影响

以‘新陆早57号’棉花品种为试验材料,研究了不同施氮量（0、100、200、300、400 kg·hm^-2）对化学封顶与人工打顶下棉花营养积累与分配等的影响。结果表明：在施氮量达到300 kg·hm^-2后,化学封顶棉花地上部分干物质积累量和氮素积累量仍有小幅增长,而人工打顶棉花呈现下降趋势。棉花干物质快速积累期化学封顶处理为出苗后59~109 d,而人工打顶为出苗后56~100 d。在棉花生育后期（打顶后30~60 d）,同等施氮量条件下化学封顶棉花地上部分干物质积累量及氮素积累量高于人工打顶棉花。该研究最佳施氮量为300 kg·hm^-2时,可显著增加棉花单株结铃数0.66~1.66个,平均增产26.72%。     

基于GIS和层次分析法的福州国家森林公园生态敏感性评价

[目的/意义]生态敏感性分析对于生态建设规划有着重要的意义,在综合分析福州国家森林公园生态敏感性的基础上,针对不同敏感区提出相应优化建议策略,为福州国家森林公园今后生态规划建设提供参考.[方法/过程]以福州国家森林公园为研究区域,根据福州国家森林公园的特征,选取坡度、高程、坡向、土地利用类型、植被覆盖度、水域缓冲6个因...     

Toxoplasmosis in sheep. II. The ability of a live vaccine to prevent lamb losses after an intravenous challenge with Toxoplasma gondii

Two-tooth ewes (n=48) were immunized pre-tupping with a live Toxoplasma gondii vaccine. At midpregnancy these ewes were challenged intravenously with 1 x 105 live T. gondii tachyzoites. The strain of T. gondii used for vaccination was an incomplete strain that did not produce oocysts. It was derived by continuous twice weekly passage in mice. The lambing percentage for ewes immunized with the live vaccine was significantly higher (P<0.001 normal score) than non-vaccinated control ewes. However, vaccination did not prevent foetal or placental infection. The serological response to vaccination and challenge was measured by both the Dye test and the Indirect Haemagglutination test. No significant relationship between titre of antibody and protection in the vaccinated ewes was observed.     

外源6-BA对两种氮素水平下小麦幼苗叶片光合性能及内源激素含量的影响

【目的】在盆栽和大田种植条件下,研究两种氮素水平与喷施外源细胞分裂素(6-BA)对小麦幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数、硝酸还原酶(NR)和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性和内源激素含量、产量和其构成因素的影响,为外源激素调控苗期小麦生长提供理论依据。【方法】选用济麦22(JM22)为试验材料,盆栽种植条件下,设置低浓度氮(0.63 mmol·L~(-1))、高浓度氮(3.75 mmol·L~(-1))和叶面喷施清水、30 mg·L~(-1)的6-苄基腺嘌呤(6-BA)及300 mg·L~(-1)的洛伐他汀(Lovastatin)6个喷施组合处理,即高氮下喷清水的对照(HN)、高氮下喷施外源细胞分裂素(HN+6-BA)、高氮下喷施细胞分裂素合成抑制剂(HN+Lov)、低氮下喷清水的对照(LN)、低氮下喷施外源细胞分裂素(LN+6-BA)、低氮下喷施细胞分裂素合成抑制剂(LN+Lov)。处理后每隔3 d,测定叶绿素含量、光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数、GS和NR活性、内源激素含量。大田条件下,设置低施氮量(120 kg·hm~(-2),N1)、常规施氮量(240 kg·hm~(-2),N2)、叶面喷施清水、30 mg·L~(-1)的6-BA和300 mg·L~(-1)的Lovastatin 6个喷施组合处理,即N1、N1+6-BA、N1+Lov、N2、N2+6-BA、N2+Lov。于成熟期测定籽粒产量、单位面积穗数、千粒重和穗粒数。【结果】盆栽条件下,与对照相比,喷施外源6-BA显著提高了小麦幼苗地上部植株干重;喷施抑制剂Lovastatin则显著降低小麦幼苗地上部植株干重。与对照HN和LN相比,处理后12d,HN+6-BA和LN+6-BA两处理的植株干重分别提高21.39%、43.92%。与对照HN相比,HN+6-BA处理显著提高了叶片气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、净光合速率(Pn);处理后12 d,HN+6-BA处理的Gs、Tr、PN、Ci分别提高68.32%、58.66%、30.72%、51.61%。高氮水平的叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)分别比低氮水平高103.39%、94.44%。与对照HN相比,HN+6-BA处理显著提高了9—12 d Chl a含量和3—12 d的叶片Chl b含量。高低氮水平下,喷施Lovastatin均显著降低了Chl a和Chl b含量。高低氮水平下,喷施6-BA显著体高了叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性,而外喷Lovastatin则显著降低了叶片NR及GS活性。快速叶绿素a荧光诱导动力学分析表明外源6-BA处理改变了OJIP曲线。与对照HN相比,HN+6-BA显著提高了Ψo和PIabs,降低了Wk和Vj值。与对照LN处理相比,LN+6-BA处理的Wk和Vj分别降低22.09%和36.05%。外源6-BA对小麦幼苗叶片内源激素含量影响显著。与对照HN相比,HN+6-BA显著提高了3—12 d叶片Zt含量和6—12 d叶片IAA含量。喷施6-BA显著降低了叶片ABA含量,而Lovastatin处理则显著提高了叶片ABA含量。大田试验结果表明,与对照N1和N2相比,喷施外源6-BA显著提高了小麦籽粒产量,N1+6-BA和N2+6-BA处理的籽粒产量分别提高10.48%和16.61%。【结论】外源6-BA与氮素配合施用,通过提高内源Zt含量,降低内源ABA含量,一方面提高了Chl a及CHl b含量和NR及GS活性,进而改善了叶片氮素同化能力和光能捕获、传递转化能力;另一方面提高了PSII反应中心电子传递链供体侧和受体侧的电子传递能力,进而改善了改善光系统性能,提高叶片光合性能,叶片积累较多的光合产物,从而提高苗期地上部植株干重,最终提高了籽粒产量。     

吉林省辽河流域农业面源污染特征及趋势研究

吉林省辽河流域农业面源污染现已十分严重,通过对其近十年的统计数据进行研究,结果表明:流域内农业面源污染中,COD(化学需氧量)主要来源于畜禽养殖和农村生活污染;TN(总氮)和TP(总磷)主要来源于畜禽养殖和农田化肥;近十年中COD流失量由34 093.2 t/a增至53 414.3 t/a,增长56.7%;TN流失量由30 095.2 t/a增至40 738.7t/a,增长35.4%;TP流失量由2 504.3t/a增至4 606.0t/a,增长83.9%。