基于大数据视域下农业科研院所行政管理体系的改革探究

在现代化的农业科研院所行政管理体系中,融入信息化、便捷化、数字化的大数据理念,可使该体系能够提供更全面、更细致的管理服务,提高行政管理的精准性和管理效率。文章阐述了大数据可助推农业科研院所行政管理体系多元共治的结构创新、有助于优化农业科研院所行政管理体系中的资源配置机制,分析了大数据时代背景下农业科研院所行政管理的现状,从思想观念、管理方式、人事制度、财务体系、行政服务等角度,探讨基于大数据视域下的农业科研院所行政管理体系创新途径。     

山苍子精油对辣椒疫霉生长发育的影响及对辣椒疫病的防效

为明确山苍子精油防治植物疫病的应用前景,在室内离体条件下测定其对辣椒疫霉Phytophthora capsici菌丝生长、孢子囊形成与萌发、游动孢子萌发的毒力,观测经山苍子精油处理后菌丝生长量及形态结构、细胞膜通透性和可溶性蛋白含量的变化;采用离体叶片法和灌根法分别测定山苍子精油对辣椒疫病的预防效果和治疗效果。结果表明,山苍子精油对辣椒疫霉的菌丝生长、孢子囊形成与萌发以及游动孢子萌发的有效中浓度EC_(50)分别为161.49、29.68、231.80、90.68 mg/L;EC_(50)和EC_(75)的山苍子精油处理显著降低了辣椒疫霉菌丝的鲜重和干重,抑制率均在49.71%以上,亦可显著降低菌丝中可溶性蛋白含量,抑制率分别为10.77%和18.47%;用山苍子精油处理菌丝后,其顶端生长受到抑制,分枝明显增多、间距缩短;细胞膜通透性增大。1 000 mg/L山苍子精油对辣椒疫病的预防效果达63.33%(离体叶片法),2 000 mg/L精油对辣椒疫病的预防效果和治疗效果分别达80.00%和68.00%(灌根法,7 d),均显著高于对照药剂嘧菌酯。表明山苍子精油是辣椒疫霉的有效抑制剂,在辣椒疫病综合治理中具有较大的应用潜力。     

嘧啶(氧)硫苯甲酸类除草剂研究进展

嘧啶(氧)硫苯甲酸类除草剂是超高效除草剂类型之一,是新一代绿色、安全、高效、低残留农药,具有很高的推广价值。本文综述了嘧啶(氧)硫苯甲酸类除草剂的主要类型、作用机理、国内外应用现状,总结了目前的研究进展;对其引发的杂草抗药性问题进行阐述。可为嘧啶(氧)硫酸苯甲酸类除草剂的农业应用及科学研究提供借鉴。     

头孢维星研究进展

头孢维星是新型的第3代头孢菌素类动物专用抗生素,因其吸收快、达峰时间短、生物利用度高、消除半衰期长、药效持久,单次皮下注射即可达到14 d的有效血药浓度,在兽医临床具有广阔前景。作者对头孢维星研发现况、作用机制、体内外抗菌活性及临床应用作一综述,以期为其在兽药临床应用提供参考。     

达赉湖保护区水鸟生境利用研究

2007年3～11月,通过样带法对内蒙古达赉湖自然保护区内水乌生境利用进行了研究。研究表明,达赉湖保护区不同种水乌的生境利用显著不同,鹳形目、鸥形目和鹈形目鸟类主要选择在河漫滩草甸,鸻形目鸟类主要选择泥岸沼泽,鹤形目和鸊（？）目鸟类主要选择浅水植被区,雁形目鸟类主要选择深水区。     

蓟马取食对苜蓿氨基酸组成及含量的影响

为了探究蓟马取食对苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)氨基酸组成及含量的影响,本研究以'草原2号'(Medicago varia Martin.'Caoyuan No.2')感蓟马品种和'草原4号'(Medicago sativa L.'Caoyuan No.4')抗蓟马品种为材料,分别进行牛角花齿蓟马(Odo...     

洱海水体光学特性的季节变化及其影响因素分析

为了探究人类活动对洱海水体富营养化进程的影响,2014年4月、7月、11月和2015年1月在洱海全湖设置36个采样点进行采样监测,研究洱海光学衰减系数(K)、透明度(SD)、浊度(Turb)和叶绿素a(Chl-a)的季节变化规律及其相关性,并分析沉水植物分布对光学特性的影响,以期为洱海富营养化治理和控制提供基本数据支持。结果表明,光学衰减系数的季节变化规律为春季(0.59 m-1)冬季(0.68 m-1)秋季(0.95 m-1)夏季(1.05 m-1);叶绿素a含量与光学衰减系数的季节变化规律相同,为春季(5.24μg/L)冬季(5.49μg/L)秋季(12.33μg/L)夏季(14.22μg/L);透明度季节变化规律为夏季(1.86 m)秋季(2.28 m)春季(3.00 m)冬季(3.07 m);浊度季节变化规律是春季(32.50 mg/L)冬季(32.52 mg/L)秋季(32.64 mg/L)夏季(32.70 mg/L)。光学衰减系数与透明度、浊度和叶绿素a均呈显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.648、0.523和0.467;透明度与叶绿素a和浊度均呈显著负相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.497和0.564;浊度与叶绿素a显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数为0.241。叶绿素a在一定程度上会影响光学衰减系数,但不是其主要影响因素。在秋季和冬季,沉水植物区的水体光学衰减系数显著低于无沉水植物区(P0.05),但这种差异在春季和夏季不显著(P0.05)。在一年中的各季节,沉水植物区与无沉水植物区的水体透明度和叶绿素a含量均无显著差异(P0.05);沉水植物区的水体浊度显著低于无沉水植物区(P0.01)。     

Levels of perfluorinated compounds in food and dietary intake of PFOS and PFOA in the Netherlands

This study presents concentrations of perfluorinated compounds in food and the dietary intake of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in The Netherlands. The concentrations of perfluorinated compounds in food were analyzed in pooled samples of foodstuffs randomly purchased in several Dutch retail store chains with nation-wide coverage. The concentrations analyzed for PFOS and PFOA were used to assess the exposure to these compounds in The Netherlands. As concentrations in drinking water in The Netherlands were missing for these compounds, conservative default concentrations of 7 pg/g for PFOS and 9 pg/g for PFOA, as reported by European Food Safety Authority, were used in the exposure assessment. In food, 6 out of 14 analyzed perfluorinated compounds could be quantified in the majority of the food categories (perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), PFOA, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoro-1-hexanesulfonate (PFHxS), and PFOS). The highest concentration of the sum of these six compounds was found in crustaceans (825 pg/g product, PFOS: 582 pg/g product) and in lean fish (481 pg/g product, PFOS: 308 pg/g product). Lower concentrations were found in beef, fatty fish, flour, butter, eggs, and cheese (concentrations between 20 and 100 pg/g product; PFOS, 29-82 pg/g product) and milk, pork, bakery products, chicken, vegetable, and industrial oils (concentration lower than 10 pg/g product; PFOS not detected). The median long-term intake for PFOS was 0.3 ng/kg bw/day and for PFOA 0.2 ng/kg bw/day. The corresponding high level intakes (99th percentile) were 0.6 and 0.5 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. These intakes were well below the tolerable daily intake values of both compounds (PFOS, 150 ng/kg bw/day; PFOA, 1500 ng/kg bw/day). The intake calculations quantified the contribution of drinking water to the PFOS and PFOA intake in The Netherlands. Important contributors of PFOA intake were vegetables/fruit and flour. Milk, beef, and lean fish were important contributors of PFOS intake.     

Antimicrobial Terpenoids from South China Sea Soft Coral Lemnalia sp.

Chemical investigation of the South China Sea soft coral Lemnalia sp. afforded 13 structurally diverse terpenoids, including three new neolemnane sesquiterpene lineolemnenes E–G (1–3); a new aristolane-type sesquiterpenoid, 2-acetoxy-aristolane (4); four new decalin-type bicyclic diterpenes, named biofloranates A−D (5−8); a new serrulatane, named euplexaurene D (9); and a new aromadendrane-type diterpenoid cneorubin K (10), together with three known related compounds (11−13). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy, the Mosher’s method, and ECD analysis. Compounds 1–13 were tested in a wide panel of biological assays. Lineolemnene J (3) showed weak cytotoxicity against the CCRF-CEM cancer cell line. The isolated new diterpenes, except euplexaurene D (9), demonstrated moderate antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC of 4−64 μg/mL. Compound 2 exhibited a mild inhibitory effect against influenza A H1N1 virus (IC₅₀ = 5.9 µM).     

一株地黄茎部致病菌的鉴定及防治药剂筛选

 在河南省温县地黄(Rehmannia glutinosa)种植园采集茎部感病的地黄植株,从感病部位分离、纯化出4株病原菌。通过对分离菌的形态学观察、致病性检测及ITS、EF1-α、TUB、CAL、HIS多基因核酸序列分析,鉴定其中1株分离菌为扁桃腐皮壳菌(Diaporthe amygdali),为地黄茎部病害的新型致病菌。生物学特性研究表明,最适宜该致病菌生长的为PDA培养基;菌丝生长的最佳温度为25 ℃、最适pH值为6、对光照不敏感;最适碳氮源分别是麦芽糖和蛋白胨。药剂抑菌活性筛选结果表明,选用的10种杀菌剂对D. amygdali生长都有一定的抑制作用,其中500 g·L^-1氟啶胺悬浮剂活性最高,EC₅₀为0.092 5 mg·L^-1。上述结果为D. amygdali引起的地黄茎部病害防治提供了科学依据。