川西名山县阶地漂洗土壤分类及参比研究

经历了强烈漂洗作用的土壤是一类形态独特的土壤,在分类系统中具有重要地位。本文在四川西部漂洗土壤集中分布的名山县第二至五级阶地上对这类土壤进行了野外调查采样和室内测试分析,按中国土壤系统分类的原理和方法,通过水耕表层、水耕氧化还原层、漂白层、人为滞水土壤水分状况、氧化还原特征等诊断层和诊断特性的确定及按顺序检索的方法,将其归入人为土纲,水耕人为土亚纲,简育水耕人为土和铁聚水耕人为土土类,漂白简育水耕人为土、漂白铁聚水耕人为土和普通铁聚水耕人为土亚类;同时按发生分类系统进行了类型划分,它们均归入漂洗水稻土亚类。比较而言,系统分类能更精确地区别土壤分异,有利于土壤精准化管理,但仍需进一步修订完善。     

Dynamics of nitrogen translocation from mature leaves to new shoots and related gene expression during spring shoots development in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.)

The contribution of N remobilization is crucial for new shoots growth and quality formation during spring tea shoots development. However, the translocation mechanism of N from source leaves to sink young shoots is not well understood. In the present study, ¹⁵N urea was applied to mature tea leaves one week before bud break to track N remobilization in a field experiment. The dynamic changes in plant ¹⁵N abundance, contents of amino acids, and the expression levels of genes related to N metabolism and translocation were followed during the 18‐d development of new spring shoots until three expanding young leaves. The results showed that during the growth of new shoots the amount of ¹⁵N in the shoots increased, whereas the N_dff (N derived from ¹⁵N‐urea) in mature leaves decreased, showing that the foliar‐applied N in mature leaves was readily exported to new shoots. This process was found to be accompanied by decline of chlorophylls. In the mature leaves, expression CsATG18a and CsSAG12 involved in autophagy was dramatically induced (> 4‐fold) at approximately nine days after the bud breaking. The genes involved in the transformation of amino acids, including primarily CsGDH2, CsGDH4, CsGLT3, CsGS1;3, and CsASN2 were upregulated by > 3‐fold after bud breaking. The expression levels of CsATG8A, CsATG9, CsSAG12, CsGS1;1, CsGDH1, and CsAAP6 correlated negatively with the N_dff in mature leaves, but positively with ¹⁵N amount and total N amount in new shoots, suggesting these genes played important roles in N export from mature leaves. In the new shoots, the expression of most genes showed two defined peaks, one on six days and one on 12 days after bud breaking. The expression of CsGS2, CsASN3, CsGLT1, and CsAAP4 positively correlated with the ¹⁵N amount and total N amount in new shoots. These genes might be involved in the transport and re‐assimilation of N from mature leaves. The overall results demonstrated that the translocation of ¹⁵N from mature leaves to new spring shoots was regulated by the genes involved in autophagy, protein degradation, amino acid transformation and transport.     

狂犬病病毒SYBR-GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

狂犬病病毒为不分节段单链负股的RNA病毒,属弹状病毒科狂犬病病毒属。世界上几乎所有国家都有狂犬病发生,狂犬病病毒能够使所有温血动物发病致死,死亡率高达100%。本研究根据GenBank中的狂犬病病毒M基因序列,选择保守区域设计引物,通过对SYBR-GreenⅠ实时荧光PCR反应条件进行优化,建立了用于检测狂犬病病毒的SYBR-GreenⅠ实时荧光PCR方法。结果显示,建立的狂犬病病毒实时荧光定量PCR方法,具有特异性强、灵敏度高、重复性好的优点,是开展狂犬病的临床检测的有力工具。     

烤烟烟叶卷曲症状的诊断及其机理研究 Ⅲ.施用商品有机肥、磷酸盐和硫酸盐诱导缺钙症状的土培试验

2004年在我国西南地区的新垦红壤山地建立了烟草基地,该基地的地理位置是N26°28′~29′,E101°51′~53′,开发总面积约为267hm2。2005年和2006年连续两年基地的烤烟都出现了大面积的烟叶呈‘倒勺子状’翻卷的症状,初步诊断是生理缺钙所致[1~3]。已有研究[2,3]从田间考察、对土壤和有机肥的检测、病株的组织分析以及水培试验等证明该症状是由于使用了一种含有过量磷酸根、硫酸根等阴离子的商品有机肥1号(是某肥料厂专门为该基地生产的一批有机肥)所诱发的,其机理是过量的磷酸根和硫酸根与根际土壤中本来就不富裕的有效钙反应形成磷酸钙沉淀和难溶性的硫酸钙,使烟株难以吸收足够的钙而诱发缺     

微型离心泵诱导轮与叶轮轴向距离匹配特性

诱导轮与叶轮匹配不合理,是影响微型离心泵运行稳定性的原因之一。为了研究诱导轮与叶轮之间的轴向距离（简称为轴向距离）的匹配对离心泵性能的影响,该文以一台前置诱导轮离心泵为研究对象,采用数值方法定量分析了不同轴向距离对离心泵能量特性、汽蚀特性和压力脉动特性的影响。选取5种轴向距离,分别为0.1S,0.5S,1.0S、1.5S和2.0S（S为诱导轮轴向长度与叶栅稠密度的比值）,对离心泵进行三维流场数值预测。结果表明,轴向距离增加后,扬程和效率均有所增加,汽蚀余量降低,但叶轮内压力脉动幅值升高。其中,在额定工况下,当轴向距离增大至1.0S时,扬程提高了0.61 m,效率提高了5.8%,临界汽蚀余量降低了0.4 m;轴向距离继续增大后,各项性能变化不大。综合分析认为,轴向距离为1.0S时,诱导轮与叶轮的匹配性能最佳,有利于离心泵稳定运行。研究结果可为微型离心泵诱导轮与叶轮的匹配设计提供参考。     

基于GIS的重庆市冬小麦生育进程精细化空间分布

根据四川盆地不同播期冬小麦生产的实测资料,建立了四川盆地小麦主要生育期的空间分布量化表达式,通过对个别地区进行适当订正后,在1：25万重庆市DEM图上分别制作了重庆市精细化的小麦适宜播种期、抽穗期、成熟期和生育期天数空间分布图,为地形复杂的重庆地区应用基于GIS的精细化小麦生育进程空间分布提供依据.     

Modeling aerobic decomposition of rice straw during the off-rice season in an Andisol paddy soil in a cold temperate region of Japan: Effects of soil temperature and moisture

Submerged rice paddies are a major source of methane (CH₄) which is the second most important greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide (CO₂). Accelerating rice straw decomposition during the off-rice season could help to reduce CH₄ emission from rice paddies during the single rice-growth season in cold temperate regions. For understanding how both temperature and moisture can affect the rate of rice straw decomposition during the off-rice season in the cold temperate region of Tohoku district, Japan, a modeling incubation experiment was carried out in the laboratory. Bulk soil and soil mixed with 2% of δ¹³C-labeled rice straw with a full factorial combination of four temperature levels (?5 to 5, 5, 15, 25°C) and two moisture levels (60% and 100% WFPS) were incubated for 24 weeks. The daily change from ?5 to 5°C was used to model the freezing–thawing cycles occurring during the winter season. The rates of rice straw decomposition were calculated by (i) CO₂ production; (ii) change in the soil organic carbon (SOC) content; and (iii) change in the δ¹³C value of SOC. The results indicated that both temperature and moisture affected the rate of rice straw decomposition during the 24-week aerobic incubation period. Rates of rice straw decomposition increased not only with high temperature, but also with high moisture conditions. The rates of rice straw decomposition were more accurately calculated by CO₂ production compared to those calculated by the change in the SOC content, or in its δ¹³C value. Under high moisture at 100% WFPS condition, the rates of rice straw decomposition were 14.0, 22.2, 33.5 and 46.2% at ?5 to 5, 5, 15 and 25°C temperature treatments, respectively. While under low moisture at 60% WFPS condition, these rates were 12.7, 18.3, 31.2 and 38.4%, respectively. The Q₁₀ of rice straw decomposition was higher between ?5 to 5 and 5°C than that between 5 and 15°C and that between 15 and 25°C. Daily freezing–thawing cycles (from ?5 to 5°C) did not stimulate rice straw decomposition compared with low temperature at 5°C. This study implies that to reduce CH₄ emission from rice paddies during the single rice-growth season in the cold temperate regions, enhancing rice straw decomposition during the high temperature period is very important.     

20万只蛋鸡场计算机辅助管理系统的研制(二)

我们利用汉化FoxBASE2.00版,在IBM-PC/XT微机上,研制成集约化鸡场生产统计处理关系型数据库,实现微机对蛋鸡生产的管理。把养鸡生产中所积累的资料,按鸡场日报文件,建立雏鸡、青年鸡和产蛋鸡每日一库,逐日汇总,形成一个月、季、年和期报文件。已对1987年种鸡场、蛋鸡场、育成场和四个蛋鸡分场的全部生产资料,输入、汇总与打印。并于1991年进入电脑管理与人工管理的同步运行阶段。利用dBASEⅢ和编译BASIC软件,或FoxBASE2·00版,对鸡群合理周转,生产性能指标,计划执行,以及饲料加工出入库,成本等信息进行分析与处理,可方便清晰地获得12份报表,供蛋鸡生产分析用。可提高蛋鸡生产经营管理水平。     

乳牛瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸的气相色谱分析

本文介绍了一种准确、可靠、简便、快速的乳牛瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的气相色谱分析方法。瘤胃液只经过一步前处理即可进样分析,从样品预处理到给出测定结果仅需15min,主要VFA的回收率可达97.86％～99.51％之间,变异系数在0.23％～1.19％之间。     

基于微生物燃料电池供能的无线温度传感系统设计

微生物燃料电池(microbial full cell,MFC)是利用微生物作为生物催化剂将碳水化合物转化为电能的装置。针对MFC输出电压低、功率小、内阻大的特点,该文研制了一种具有最大功率点跟踪(maximum power point tracking,MPPT)功能的能量收集电路和两级升压电路;基于MSP430和CC2500芯片设计了环境温度传感系统。测试结果表明,MFC的输出电压维持在316～390 mV范围内,实现了最大输出功率的跟踪,MPPT电路和升压电路分别输出1.1和3.5 V电压;无线温度传感器以每13ms的周期将环境温度无线传输到远程终端,验证了环境温度传感系统在最大功率点处对无线传感器网络节点供电工作的可行性,可为实现MFC主动式能量收集提供参考。