一株新的豆豉纤溶酶产生菌的研究

从全国各地采集豆豉样品,经富集培养并利用纤维蛋白平板法获得一株形态与现存产纤溶酶微生物差异较大的菌株HS9。通过传统方法、化学方法以及16SrRNA序列分析对HS9进行分类鉴定,属于Pseudomonas aeruqinosa,是未见报道的产豆豉纤溶酶菌株。发酵培养HS9获得粗酶,经20%~70%硫酸铵梯度盐析、SephadexG-75凝胶过滤以及CM-Sepharose Fast Flow阳离子交换层析分离纯化后,得到了电泳纯酶。通过SDS-PAGE了解该酶分子量约为34kD,pH8.0~8.5时酶活性最高,最适作用温度48℃,作用方式为直接水解纤维蛋白,胃蛋白酶抑制剂在工作浓度1μmol/L时能完全抑制其活性,推测该酶为天冬氨酸蛋白酶,是一种新型的豆豉纤溶酶。     

粉煤灰和聚丙烯酰胺固沙效果的风洞试验

寻找经济高效的固沙措施对于防治风沙危害具有重要意义。该文采用室内风洞试验,研究了不同粉煤灰施用率(10%,20%和30%)的固沙效果及在粉煤灰最佳施用率的基础上不同聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)施用率(0.05%和0.1%)对其的强化作用。试验研究结果表明,沙土施加粉煤灰后起动风速显著提高,施加PAM进一步小幅提高其起动风速;粉煤灰施用率为20%的沙土可以最有效地抵御8m/s净风和风沙流历时10min的吹蚀;施加粉煤灰的沙土在14m/s净风和风沙流历时10min的吹蚀条件下发生中度风蚀,其风蚀率随着粉煤灰施用率的增大而呈逐步降低的趋势;施加粉煤灰和PAM的沙土可以有效地抵御14m/s风沙流历时30min的吹蚀;从经济意义上考虑,推荐粉煤灰施用率为20%和PAM施用率为0.05%的用量水平处理用于风蚀防治。     

狂犬病病毒SYBR-GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

狂犬病病毒为不分节段单链负股的RNA病毒,属弹状病毒科狂犬病病毒属。世界上几乎所有国家都有狂犬病发生,狂犬病病毒能够使所有温血动物发病致死,死亡率高达100%。本研究根据GenBank中的狂犬病病毒M基因序列,选择保守区域设计引物,通过对SYBR-GreenⅠ实时荧光PCR反应条件进行优化,建立了用于检测狂犬病病毒的SYBR-GreenⅠ实时荧光PCR方法。结果显示,建立的狂犬病病毒实时荧光定量PCR方法,具有特异性强、灵敏度高、重复性好的优点,是开展狂犬病的临床检测的有力工具。     

Comparative Study of the Adsorption Selectivity of Cr(VI) onto Cationic Hydrogels with Different Functional Groups

Two types of hydrogels with different functional groups, trimethylamine on quaternary ammonium and dimethylethoxyamine on quaternary ammonium, were synthesized. Type 1 and type 2 hydrogels were characterized with Fourier transform infrared, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and zeta potential analysis. The anion selectivity of these two hydrogels was investigated. The surface charges of the type 2 hydrogel were lower than those of type 1, probably because of the presence of the hydroxyl group in the ethoxy group. The Cr(VI) removal capacity of type 2 hydrogel was, therefore, less than that of type 1 hydrogel, although their adsorption rates were similar. The anion selectivity of the hydrogels was found to have a similar order: Cr(VI) > sulphate > bromide > As(V). Under the co-presence of Cr(VI) and sulphate conditions, type 2 hydrogel shows a higher selectivity towards Cr(VI). The higher hydrophobicity was caused by the presence of the ethoxy group on the quaternary ammonium in type 2 hydrogel and thus increased in selectivity towards monovalent ions (i.e. HCrO₄⁻). In addition, the hydrogels have a high reusability. Compared with type 1 hydrogel, type 2 hydrogel has an advantage for applications in Cr(VI) removal and recovery processes.     

农作物空间格局变化模拟模型的MATLAB实现及应用

Agent模型是研究农业土地系统复杂性与动态性的有效工具。在农作物空间格局变化模拟模型(CroPaDy,an agent-based model for simulating crop pattern dynamics)概念化设计的基础上,借助MATLAB平台开放性、矩阵运算能力强等特点,实现CroPaDy模型的数值模拟,并以黑龙江省宾县调查数据为依据,完成模型的区域实证研究。基于MATLAB的模型实现过程充分考虑了CroPaDy模型的多层次性(土地流转行为与作物选择行为)成功实现了3个子模块的动态嵌套模拟:1)Agent生成模块。基于已有的多源GIS数据、统计数据、典型调查数据、以及个体的通用规则,利用蒙特卡洛方法生成每一个个体Agent的属性信息;2)Agent分类模块。基于调查数据对受访农户进行态度聚类分析,然后借助人工神经网络方法确定所有生成的Agent所在的类型;3)Agent决策模块。利用概率方法,计算特定周期内每个Agent的决策行为。区域实证研究中,直接将空间耕地网格作为个体Agent,实现区域全覆盖(网格大小设置为114 m×114 m,约等于户均耕地面积),模拟结果表明,研究区2010年玉米、大豆、水稻、烤烟的模拟结果分别为2 6055.9、5 192.2、3 506.8、3 983.9 hm2,利用宾县统计年鉴(2010)进行验证,模型总体模拟精度达90%以上。CroPaDy模型的设计与实现科学合理,具有较强的理论性与可操作性,能够用以表达特定区域内的农作物空间格局及其动态变化过程。     

基于窗口观测的电控柴油机判缸控制的优化分析

柴油机起动初期控制时序的建立过程(判缸控制)直接决定其起动过程的长短,判缸控制是电控柴油机管理系统中最核心的部分。为了缩短判缸时间,提高控制系统的可靠性,该文根据目标柴油机的发火顺序设计了电控系统的转速信号与相位,采用了2套转速计算装置;基于有限状态机,提出了窗口观测联合判缸方法,并开发了电子控制单元(electronic control unit,ECU)复杂驱动层的联合判缸驱动控制软件。试验结果表明该策略是有效可行的,发动机的起动成功率提升10%,达到100%,正常起动成功的时间由1.5 s缩短到1 s以内,改善了电控柴油机的起动性能。该控制策略的实现完善了电控柴油机的时序控制功能,提高了柴油机的电控水平。     

基于红外光谱和化学计量学的紫金牛药材质量快速鉴定研究

本文利用FTIR技术分别检测不同产地紫金牛及其易混淆植物的化学成分的光谱特征,并通过主成分分析模型以及主成分载荷因子等化学计量学方法,对各样本进行鉴别,找出各测试样本化学组成的差异。结果表明：f1）两种紫金牛在3378cm^-1、2923cm^-1、1735cm^-1、1621cm^-1、1444cm^-1、1373cm^-1、1321cm^-1、1238cm^-1、1153cm^-1、1033cm^-1及776cm^-1附近均有吸收峰。（21由于融水县和永福县两地相距最近,在PCA检测模型二维散点图上,这两产地样品的距离也最近,恭城县与融水县及广西兴安县相距较远,故在散点图上的距离也较远;广西兴安县的月月红是紫金牛属植物,但不属于紫金牛种,所以,在散点图上的距离也就偏离各产地紫金牛。（3）提取PCA模型的载荷因子,分析表明,在种问比较,样品月月红中脂类、苯醌、黄酮及皂苷类成分的含量较紫金牛样品丰富。在紫金牛种内比较,广西永福县的样品香豆素、酮脂及皂苷类成分的含量比其它产地高,相反地,广西恭城药市的样本中尤其是酮脂及皂苷类成分的含量最低;但是,广西恭城县的紫金牛中香豆素、苯醌、甾醇,黄酮类等成分,较其它产地丰富。     

Soil Redistribution investigations by combined use of soil 137Cs and selected chemical properties

Abstract

To improve the methods of application of phosphorus or supply of soil P to Azolla (A. microphylld), basal application, split application, inoculation of P-enriched Azolla, and soil disturbance were compared. Soil disturbance did not increase the floodwater P content. Phosphorus was applied to inoculum production plots to enrich Azolla with P. Thus, phosphorus-enriched Azolla could multiply 5–7 times after inoculation until it became P deficient. Trials on the methods of enrichment of Azolla with P showed that the best method was to broadcast twice 4.33 kg P (10 kg P₂O₅/ha) at 2-day intervals and to harvest Azolla 3 days after P application. Addition of P once or twice 2 weeks after the inoculation of P-enriched Azolla further increased the biomass production. Efficiency of P application was analyzed in terms of N gain in relation to the amount of P applied. This ratio in the P-enriched Azolla treatment was higher than the economically sound ratio -5-, and higher than or equal to that in the standard split application.     

Biochar improves sediment microbial fuel cell performance in low conductivity freshwater sediment

Purpose

The low conductivity of sediments for mass and electron transport is the most severe limiting factor in sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs), so that sediment ameliorations yielded more remarkable effects than electrode improvements. The objective of this research was to enhance the electricity generation of SMFCs with amendments of biochar to freshwater sediments for conductivity enhancement.

Materials and methods

Laboratory-scale SMFCs were constructed and biochars were produced from coconut shells at different temperatures. Variations in the power output, electrode potential, internal resistance, total organic carbon (TOC) content, and microbial communities were measured.

Results and discussion

Amending with biochar reduced the charge transfer resistances of SMFCs and enriched the Firmicutes (mainly Fusibacter sp.) in the sediment, which improved the SMFC power generation by two- to tenfold and enhanced the TOC removal rate by 1.7- to fourfold relative to those without the amendment.

Conclusions

The results suggested that biochar amendment is a promising strategy to enhance SMFC power production, and the electrical conductivity of biochar should be considered important when interpreting the impact biochar has on the electrical performance of soil or freshwater sediment MFCs.

     

基于Landsat TM影像的半干旱牧区天然打草场面积的遥感监测

天然打草场是中国草地畜牧业的物质基础,也是中国内陆的生态屏障。目前中国打草场分布状况、分布面积、产量高低等信息十分缺乏,严重制约饲草储备和救灾应急功能发挥。为解决这些问题,该文基于2009－2011年的Landsat TM5影像数据,并借助野外调查点和目视解译方法对中国半干旱牧区天然打草场状况进行监测分析。结果表明,中国半干旱牧区天然打草场面积达800.35万hm2,目视解译结果的平均解译精度达到76.78%。其中,内蒙古天然打草场面积居首位,面积为688.04万hm2,其次是松嫩平原草原区,打草场面积为91.80万hm2,河北半干旱农牧交错区的打草场面积最小,为20.51万hm2。在内蒙古,呼伦贝尔草甸草原天然打草场约为180.89万hm2,科尔沁沙化草原天然打草场约为96.44万hm2,锡林郭勒典型草原天然打草场面积约为395.40万hm2。研究区天然打草场的植被类型以温性草原类、温性草甸类、低地草甸类为主,少量分布在山地草甸类和温性荒漠草原类。该研究结果可为进一步分析全国半干旱区域打草场变化提供数据支撑。