改善城市绿化生态效益的途径探讨

从国情和生态角度出发,针对当前城市绿化中存在的问题,以国内外城市改善生态环境成功经验为例,并通过树木和草坪的综合比较,提出城市绿化应因地制宜,以栽树为主,乔灌草结合,注重生态系统的完整性和效益最大化,发展生态园林,改善城市生态环境。     

水丰水库渔获变化和鱼类资源现状及小型经济鱼虾种间关系分析

水丰水库的渔获量1961－1980年间变化于47－300t,1981-1984年增长到740－1321t,1985-2000年为2270－4926t。渔获物组成中以亚洲公鱼为主，1980－2000年亚洲蚣鱼占总渔获的29．6％－93．0％，平均为65．6％。鲁鲫鱼占6．2％－16．4％，鲢鳙鱼占8．1％－13．3％，鳊鲂占1．8％－11．3％，虾占5．9％－16．1％，其它鱼类占2．4％－9．3％。2000年大银鱼占总渔获的2．8％。1985－2000年水库鱼类资源相对稳定。亚洲公鱼、青虾和大银鱼三种小型经济鱼虾的种间关系表现为互利共生，竞争和残敌关系，可能向种间形成平衡调节方向发展。     

三角帆蚌新发现的贝壳基质蛋白基因hic9的分离、鉴定及其在珍珠早期形成过程中的作用

为进一步研究珍珠质形成的分子机理,使用RACE-PCR技术从三角帆蚌外套膜中克隆到一个新的贝壳基质蛋白基因hic9。RT-PCR和原位杂交技术结果显示,hic9主要在闭壳肌和外套膜中表达,且在外套膜外褶的外表皮各部分都有信号,在壳皮沟中同样有信号,这些结果表明,hic9是一个同时参与了贝壳角质层、棱柱层和珍珠层形成的多功能基质蛋白基因。hic9富含甘氨酸(14.81%)、脯氨酸(13.58%)和丙氨酸(12.35%),在序列中部形成"Gly-X-X"的结构(X为任意氨基酸),与近C末端连续重复丙氨酸结构(polyA)一起使hic9具有类似蛛丝蛋白的结构特征。hic9 C末端由一段疏水性序列"LAWMLFV"组成,推测这段序列形成β折叠结构,紧邻该序列89～91位是"Asp-Leu-Asp"序列,这是一个典型的Ca2+结合位点。此外,通过实时定量PCR检测了珍珠形成早期阶段hic9在初生珍珠囊中的表达情况,插片后3～15 d hic9在珍珠囊中的表达水平维持在大致相同的表达水平,在碳酸钙沉积物从无序向有序转变时期(18～25 d),表达水平较第15天有显著的升高,这表明hic9参与了这一过程,在珍珠层的形成过程中发挥了关键作用。     

Effect of dietary phosphorus levels on growth and body composition of crucian carp,Carassius auratus under indoor and outdoor experiments

Indoor and outdoor experiments were carried out simultaneously to evaluate the effects of dietary phosphorus levels on growth performance and body composition of crucian carp. Monocalcium was used to formulate extruded feed containing available phosphorus (AP) of 1.5 (D1), 4.7 (D2), 6.3 (D3) and 9.0 (D4) g kg^?1. Twelve 500‐L recirculating tanks were assigned to four triplicate groups with each tank stocked with 15 juveniles (39.88 ± 0.14 g) for indoor experiment. Twelve polyethylene enclosures were assigned to four groups with each one stocked with 120 juveniles (44.08 ± 1.36 g). After 8 weeks of feeding, survival ranged from 96% to 100%. Weight gain, special growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and feed conversion rate did not show significant differences among dietary treatments in both experiments. Fish cultured in the enclosures grew better, although D1 and D2 treatments did not reach significant level. Crude protein and phosphorus content of the fish were not significantly affected by dietary phosphorus level. Moisture, crude lipid, crude ash and vertebrae phosphorus were significantly affected by different phosphorus levels. Based on vertebrae phosphorus, crucian carp cultured in the tanks and in the enclosures showed phosphorus deficiency under 4.7 g kg^?1 and 6.3 g kg^?1 AP, respectively.     

Phylogenetic analysis of bacterial communities in the shrimp and sea cucumber aquaculture environment in northern China by culturing and PCR–DGGE

In this study, we investigated the bacterial communities in the shrimp and sea cucumber culture environment, including shrimp ponds (SP), sea cucumber ponds (SCP), mixed-culture ponds (MCP) and the effluent channel (EC) in Qingdao, China. Bacteria cultivation showed that the counts of heterotrophic, nitrate-reducing and sulfate-reducing bacteria in the sediment of SP were higher than that in the sediment of SCP and MCP, varying between 8.7 × 10⁴ and 1.86 × 10⁶, 2.1 × 10⁴ and 1.1 × 10⁵, and 9.3 × 10¹ and 1.1 × 10⁴ CFU g^?1, respectively. In contrast, the counts of ammonium-oxidizing and nitrifying bacteria in the sediment of SP was lower than that in the sediment of SCP and MCP. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rDNA gene and dendrogram analyses showed that bacterial diversity in the mixed-culture environment was higher than that in the monocultures. The similarity of bacterial community between EC and SCP or MCP was higher than that between EC and SP. These results indicated that sea cucumber culture played a significant role in influencing the environmental bacterial communities that were composed mainly of Flavobacteriaceae (64.3%), Bacteriodetes (21%) and delta proteobacteria (14.7%), including the genera of Croceimarina, Lutibacter, Psychroserpens and so on. The results explained the benefit of sea cucumber culture in shrimp ponds at the level of microbial ecology.     

光合细菌FP04的筛选及对中华鳖养殖水质和生产效益的影响

从入海排污口污泥中筛选到一株有较强净化养殖水质能力的光合细菌,初步鉴定其为红螺菌,命名为FP04。实验室试验表明,FP04能有效降低养殖污水的CODcr含量。在中华鳖的养殖水体中加入不同浓度的FP04,结果与对照组比较,FP04可显著降低养殖水体中的氨氮和化学需氧量,并可减少甲鱼病害发生,提高甲鱼养殖成活率和增重率,其中以养殖水体中FP04浓度为9×104CFU/mL的效果最好,成活率和增重率分别提高14%和31%。     

Impact of serial activation of embryonic pax2 and WT1 genes on transdifferentiation of renal tubular epithelial cells

AIM: To investigate the mechanisms of transdifferentiation of renal tubular epithelial cells by the observation of serial activation of embryonic pax2 and WT1 genes in chronic renal failure model of 5/6 nephrectomized injury. METHODS: Embryo of mice, cultured renal tubule cells and chronic renal failure rat model of 5/6 nephrectomized injury were established. The expressions of paired Box gene (pax2) and Willm’s tumor gene (WT1), as well as α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), a phenotype of mesenchymal cells, were detected by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry techniques. RESULTS: (1) Expressions of pax2 and WT1 mRNA began at 11.5 d and 14 d of embryo and increased gradually, and expression in trace quantity at 2 weeks after birth. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that WT1 only expressed in the glomerular podocytes and expressions of pax2 and WT1 in adult renal tubular cells were negative. (2) Deno-expression of pax2 and WT1 in some tubular cells appeared at week 2 and peaked at week 4 in 5/6 nephrectomized rats, both showing a same trend of expression. However, pax2 showed another peak at week 10 afterwards. (3) Re-expressions of pax2 and WT1 in TEC at 0.5 and 24 h after treated with IL-1α (10 μg/L) or AngII (10-9 mol/L) were observed respectively, followed by upregulation of α-SMA expression, and mesenchymal cells characters were shown. The effects were inhibited by Ang II receptor 2 antagonist and WT1 antibody, respectively. CONCLUSION: Adult renal tubule cells acquire re-activation of embryonic pax2 and WT1 genes and phenotypes of mesenchymes when challenge with certain injuries. Deno-expression of pax2 and WT1 genes closely relates with high concentration of bioactive facors, such as AngII and IL-1, which are involved in the mechanisms of renal tubule cells transdifferentiation.     

散生指天小辣椒“满天星”的选育

满天星是以辣椒胞质雄性不育系E4A为母本,恢复系E28C为父本配制的中熟辣椒一代杂种。果实羊角形,纵径6～8cm,横径1．0-1．2cm,平均单果质量4．5g。青熟果绿色,老熟果鲜红色,辣味香浓。每667m。产鲜红椒1800～2400kg,干椒300～400kg。抗CMV和疫病,中抗TMV,适宜全国各地早春露地和保护地栽培。     

xPC环境下CMAC NN在淀粉生产线液位控制中的应用

在分析CMAC神经网络的基础上,提出了利用自适应CMAC神经网络来调节淀粉生产线中乳液的液位.通过对淀粉生产线中某一液位回路进行数学建模,然后对常规PID和自适应CMAC神经网络两种控制器进行了设计与仿真.仿真结果表明,自适应CMAC神经网络在控制效果上明显优于常规PID,并且具有很高的鲁棒性.在Matlab实时开发环境xPC Target下建立了液位实时控制系统,采用快速原型控制方式,具有系统组建方便、成本低、开发周期短等特点,该系统可实现精确的过程控制.