Towards sustainable farming systems: Effectiveness and deficiency of the French procedure of sustainable agriculture

There is a widespread consensus about the importance of sustainable agriculture. In France, the Farming Orientation Law of July 1999 has set down a precise procedure for the implementation of sustainable agriculture: the contrat territorial d’exploitation – or territorial farm contract (TFC). This paper aims to analyse the TFC effectiveness. An analysis has been made of the TFCs signed in the Midi-Pyrenees Region in south-western France, using statistical analysis and qualitative surveys of a sample of farms. The results show that the most valuable effects have been mainly economic. Effects regarding social and environmental aspects were very limited. But from the point of view of an integrated approach, indirect effects of TFCs can be observed on social and environmental aspects. These results are explained, on the one hand, by farmers’ motivations guided by economic objectives, and on the other hand, by the dominance of professional farming organisations in the implementation of TFC’s procedure. Given these results, two ways of improving the elaboration procedure for TFCs are proposed. Firstly, technical improvements can be made to the diagnostic assessment of farms, and to the choice of actions addressed by the contract. Secondly, organisational improvements can be applied to TFCs elaboration and implementation process, in order to adopt a participatory approach which would involve all rural stakeholders.     

Histological and immunohistochemical features of cutaneous mast cell tumor in six captive four-toed hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris)

This report described the histopathological and immunohistochemical features of cutaneous mast cell tumor (MCT) in six hedgehogs. The hedgehogs presented single cutaneous mass with ulcer and crusting. Histologically, the neoplastic lesions were characterized by the proliferation of well-differentiated mast cells (3 cases), and atypical mast cells (3 cases) with one atypical histiocytic morphology. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were positive for KIT and mast cell tryptase, and were negative for Iba-1. In well-differentiated MCT, all patients were clinically improved and survived more than 365 days after surgical excision, whereas an atypical histiocytic MCT showed aggressive behavior with re-recurrence, and the animal died 115 days after surgery. These findings suggest that, compatible with other animals, well-differentiated MCT has a better prognosis in hedgehogs.     

从水稻单粒糙米中快速制备基因组DNA的方法

本方法用粳稻和籼稻单粒糙米作材料制备基因组DNA,在制备过程中,加入2%CTAB破裂液直接磨碎,无需加入液氮研磨,获得浓度接近40 ng/μL,可直接用于PCR扩增的基因组DNA.与从嫩叶中提取的DNA相比,其质量无明显的差异.     

High-Quality de novo Genome Assembly of Huajingxian 74, a Receptor Parent of Single Segment Substitution Lines

Rice(Oryza sativa L.)is grown nearly worldwide and provides the staple food for more than half of the global population(Luo et al,2017).The genomes of several cultivated rice varieties including Nipponbare(NPB)(Kawahara et al,2013;Sakai et al,2013),IR64(Tanaka et al,2020),93-11(Zhang et al,2018)and R498(Du et al,2017)at chromosome level,and Minghui 63 and Zhenshan 97(Zhang et al,2016)at scaffold level have been assembled,annotated and released,among which the R498 and NPB genomes are widely used as reference genomes in rice research.However,there are thousands of rice cultivars,landraces and wild rice varieties in the world with dramatically different genetic backgrounds,and the genomes of native rice varieties in South China,which is one of the major rice production areas in China,have not been de novo assembled.Huajingxian 74(HJX74)is an indica rice variety bred in South China Agricultural University,Guangdong Province with widely environmental adaptability and high yield(www.ricedata.cn/variety/varis/602548.htm).HJX74 exhibits significant phenotypic and genetic differences from those varieties whose whole genomes have been properly sequenced and assembled(Fig.1).     

果蔗间种花生栽培技术

果蔗间种花生可提高土地利用效率,提高果蔗种植整体经济效益,实现经济效益、社会效益、生态效益同步协调发展,促进广西果蔗产业可持续发展。为此,对果蔗间种花生的田地选择、整地、品种选择、播种与种植、田间管理、收获与留种、残膜回收的程序及其操作要求进行探讨,并提出规范和说明。     

基于"三线"统筹的省域永久基本农田布局优化规则与实证研究

统筹永久基本农田保护红线、生态保护红线、城镇开发边界来优化永久基本农田空间布局能够更好地保住优质耕地资源、保障国家粮食安全。该研究应用文献研究法和归纳总结法,系统梳理了永久基本农田保护红线、生态保护红线 、城镇开发边界（以下简称"三线"）划定的政策法规,建立了"三线"统筹下的省域永久基本农田布局优化规则,并以广西壮族自治区为例进行了验证。结果表明：1）选择耕地国家利用等和集中连片程度进行了永久基本农田"三线"统筹划定,退出了生态保护红线核心区内所有永久基本农田7 413.46 hm2,并将5 073.05 hm2优质连片的永久基本农田以"开天窗"的形式保留在了生态保护红线一般区和城镇开发边界内;2）广西全区退出永久基本农田1 426 540.77 hm2,主要是标注为工程恢复和未标注的非耕地,补划了永久基本农田525 614.37 hm2,主要是生态保护红线和城镇开发边界外优质连片的耕地,布局优化后的永久基本农田保护率高达85.62%;3）布局优化后的永久基本农田全为耕地且与生态保护红线、城镇开发边界之间无交叉重叠,集中连片的永久基本农田达到95.08%,无重度和极重度污染损毁、石漠化和25°以上坡耕地,永久基本农田国家利用等提高了0.06等。建立的永久基本农田布局优化规则实现了"保护优先、布局优化、优近劣出、质量提升、三线统筹"的目标,能够为各省份指导市县统筹三条控制线划定永久基本农田保护红线提供思路借鉴。     

压力式谷物产量监测系统优化与试验验证

为了提高谷物收获作业过程中谷物产量在线监测的精度,研制了基于谷物流压力原理的车载谷物产量在线监测系统,该系统包括谷物流量监测装置、定位装置、割台高度控制开关、核心处理器以及人机交互装置。以谷物产量与谷物流压力间的谷物产量监测数学模型为指导,搭建了谷物产量监测试验台,采用Box-Behnken试验设计方法优化谷物流量监测装置结构参数,研究了传感器数量、传感器安装位置和监测装置水平倾角对谷物产量监测系统测产误差的影响,确定了最优参数组合为传感器数量5、传感器安装位置0.24 cm、监测装置水平倾角5°,并对最优参数组合进行了验证试验,结果表明,谷物产量监测系统测产误差为3.27%,满足谷物产量监测的精度要求。对谷物产量监测系统田间实际效果进行了试验验证,试验结果表明,田间测产误差为5.28%,生成的产量分布图为后续田间作业管理提供了决策依据。     

畜禽舍移动式智能监测平台研制

畜禽养殖场内温度、湿度及各种气体构成畜禽生长的外围环境,直接影响畜禽日常行为和生长速度及免疫状态。对这些畜禽养殖场内进行检测并监控畜禽健康状态及寻找二者间的联系,对优化养殖环境,发展健康养殖具有重要意义。该研究以STM32单片机为控制核心,在固定点传感器外设置移动式智能监测平台,通过无线定位系统UWB(Ultra Wide Band)和集成传感器对畜禽养殖场内环境进行监测,利用带图传功能摄像头和红外测温装置实时监控畜禽状态。传感器获取信息后将数据以UART、IIC或模拟量输出方式传递给STM32,STM32处理数据后通过物联网WIFI模块上传至阿里云IoT(The Internet of Things)物联网平台,用户登录网页页面即可对数据进行远程访问,并对畜禽状态进行实时监控。实测结果表明,智能检测平台检测数据与猪场内布置的传感器检测结果相近,二者偏差小于10%,在无遮挡情况下布置无线定位系统,定位误差接近10cm级。系统检测数据可信,数据传输正常,可持续长时间稳定运行。机动平台还开发了搬运功能,单次运送能力为200 kg左右。移动式智能监测平台为畜禽养殖场内实现全范围环境监控提供了设备基础。     

黄土坡面细沟径流输沙对水动力学参数的响应

细沟径流输沙是细沟侵蚀产沙的重要过程,阐明细沟径流输沙与水动力学参数之间的关系可以有效地揭示细沟径流输沙的动力学机制,并为建立细沟侵蚀过程物理模型奠定基础。采用具有定流量人工放水的组合小区模拟降雨试验,研究黄土坡面细沟径流输沙对水动力学参数的响应关系。结果表明:1)一次降雨径流产生的细沟输沙模数对水动力学参数平均值响应关系大小顺序为平均水流断面单位能量(R=0.99)>平均水流功率(R=0.88)>平均水流切应力(R=0.82)>平均单位水流功率(R=0.76);2)降雨径流过程中,细沟输沙率对水动力学参数瞬时值响应关系为水流切应力(R=0.88)>水流功率(R=0.47),水流断面单位能量和单位水流功率的相关性较差,细沟输沙率对水流切应力的响应关系呈幂函数方程关系。     

含Ni六方水钠锰矿的表征及其对Pb 2+ (Zn2+)环境行为的影响

六方水钠锰矿是土壤中普遍存在、活性最强的氧化锰矿物。它常常富集各种过渡金属如Ni等,对其地球化学行为具有重要影响。在六方水钠锰矿形成过程中加入Ni2+,Ni以+2价存在于矿物中。进入水钠锰矿结构中的Ni大部分以[NiO6]八面体形式存在于层内;部分Ni存在于八面体空位上下方。含Ni水钠锰矿沿c轴方向堆叠锰氧八面体层数逐渐减小,而a-b板面晶体大小没有明显变化,即层片状晶体逐渐变薄,比表面积显著增大。随着Ni含量的增加,水钠锰矿结构中锰氧八面体空位数减少,而层边面吸附位点数基本保持不变,其对重金属离子(Pb2+/Zn2+)吸附去除能力逐渐降低。本文为明确过渡金属离子(Ni)对土壤中氧化锰矿物的形貌、结构及其性质的影响提供了参考。