何心隐的"不落意气"之论

宋明理学者不例外地认为豪杰不如圣贤.何心隐倒很拥护豪杰.他同时代人当中,王畿和其它心学者最严格地批评豪杰.他们认为因豪杰心里有意气妨碍心之本体的活动,所以学者必须得扫荡自己心里的意气.何心隐认为圣贤的意气和豪杰的意气没有道德价值上的差别.他很拥护个人有意志采取主体行动,歌颂个人行动的自由.     

Various species of Pyricularia constitute a robust clade distinct from Magnaporthe salvinii and its relatives in Magnaporthaceae

In a phylogenetic analysis of species of Magnaporthaceae based on nucleotide sequences of rDNA-ITS and the RPB1 gene, isolates of the tested species were divided into two clusters with high bootstrap support. One group was composed of Pyricularia spp.; the other was composed of Magnaporthe salvinii, M. rhizophila, M. poae, Gaeumannomyces graminis, and G. incrustans. On the basis of this result, we concluded that Pyricularia spp. constitute a large but distinct phylogenetic species group that is not congeneric with Magnaporthe salvinii, the type species of Magnaporthe.     

Effect of inorganic ions on bud cell formation by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium oxysporum</Emphasis> in potato dextrose broth

Potato dextrose broth (PDB), a well-known medium for cultivation of fungi, can be made from potato extract and glucose (handmade PDB) or bought as a commercial powder (commercial PDB). Previously, we reported that bud cell formation and fungal biomass of Fusarium oxysporum in handmade PDB are higher than in commercial PDB, and the presence of high molecular weight (>20 MDa) carbohydrates in PDB promoted bud cell formation by most strains of F. oxysporum. In this study, we report the effects of inorganic ions in PDB on bud cell formation and fungal biomass production by F. oxysporum. Concentrations of Mg, K, Fe, PO₄ ³⁻ and SO₄ ²⁻ were higher and of Na and Cl⁻ were lower in handmade PDB than in commercial PDB. Adding each inorganic ion alone to commercial PDB showed that Mg is critical for enhancement of bud cell formation by some strains of F. oxysporum. The addition of Mg²⁺ with raw potato starch to commercial PDB promoted bud cell formation by some, but not all, of the seven F. oxysporum strains tested in this study.     

A primary hepatic plasma cell tumor in a dog

An 8-year-old female Shetland sheep dog had hyperproteinemia with a monoclonal gammopathy and a solid mass on the liver, which was histologically diagnosed as a plasma cell tumor. After the treatment of surgery and chemotherapy, serum protein level reduced to the normal range and the gammopathy was disappeared. These findings indicate the plasma cell tumor developed primarily from the liver.     

Age-related changes of bone mineral density and microarchitecture in miniature pigs

Bone mineral density (BMD), distribution of its density and bone histomorphometric parameters were evaluated in lumbar vertebra of normally growing miniature pigs. The fourth lumbar vertebra (L4) of the G?ttingen miniature pig were used in this cross-sectional study in vitro. The BMD of the miniature pig was similar to that of humans in tendency of gender differences and some growth patterns during puberty. In these regards this animal appears useful as a model for human bone study. However, the trabecular and cortical BMDs of lumbar spine were extremely high value (399.43 +/- 26.36 mg/cm(3) in female trabeculae; 973.06 +/- 69.55 mg/cm(3) in female cortical bone; 419.04 +/- 34.84 mg/cm(3) in male trabeculae; 1038.81 +/- 125.72 mg/cm(3) in male cortical bone in pigs 30 months or more). Furthermore, histomorphometric analysis yielded values that were remarkably different from those found in humans. From these results, it was revealed that miniature pig had a higher bone mass and denser trabecular network than human, indicating that its bone is probably stronger. Therefore, care should be taken in choosing the miniature pig as a bone study model.     

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes the early development of bovine embryo in the presence of cumulus cells

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) on bovine embryonic development in vitro. Human recombinant VEGF(165) was employed at 5 ng/ml in modified synthetic oviduct fluid. In Exp. 1, bovine cumulus oocyte complexes were matured with or without VEGF for 22 hr, inseminated without VEGF for 6 hr, then cultured with or without VEGF for 42 hr. The cleavage rate and the development rate to 4- to 8-cell were higher (P<0.05) in groups with VEGF during in vitro maturation (IVM, 71.4% and 59.6%), in vitro culture (IVC, 70.3% and 62.3%), and both IVM and IVC (75.9% and 67.8%) than in the group cultured thoroughly without VEGF (49.9% and 38.4%, respectively). In Exp. 2, 4- to 8-cell embryos produced in vitro without VEGF were removed from cumulus cells at 48 hr post-insemination (Pi) and cultured with or without VEGF for 144 hr. The development rates to blastocyst at 96 hr (D6), 120 hr (D7) and 144 hr (D8) were similar (P>0.05) in both groups. In Exp. 3, cumulus cells were removed from presumptive embryos produced by IVM and IVF without VEGF at 10 hr Pi. Denuded embryos were cultured with or without VEGF for 38 hr or 182 hr. The cleavage rate and the development rates to 4- to 8-cell at 48 hr Pi and to blastocyst on D6, D7 and D8 were similar (P>0.05) in all groups. These results suggest that VEGF has a beneficial effect on the initial development of bovine embryo through surrounding cumulus cells.