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51.
Aikawa Masahide Hiraki Takatoshi Shoga Mitsuru Tamaki Motonori 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2004,157(1-4):225-244
Water, Air, &; Soil Pollution - A monitoring network for acid deposition that consisted of five sites in Hyogo, Japan, and covered a region of about 100 km × 100 km revealed the spatial... 相似文献
52.
Masahide Aikawa Takatoshi Hiraki Mitsuru Shoga Motonori Tamaki 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2005,160(1-4):373-393
Fog chemistry was studied for four years (April 1997–March 2001) at Mt. Rokko (altitude 931 m) in Kobe, Japan. A collection of samples was obtained at a mountainous site close to a highly industrialized area. The samples were collected by an active string-fog collector. The summer fog was dense and frequent. The geography of Mt. Rokko is linked to the seasonality of the occurrence and the thickness of the fog. Among the meteorological parameters, the relative humidity was important for the occurrence of fog. The correlation of the concentrations of the components in fog water indicated that (NH4)2SO4 and/or NH4HSO4 were involved in the process of the formation of fog drops in the atmosphere. The concentration of the components decreased with an increase in the liquid water content (LWC) of the fog, and the seasonal variation of the concentration of some components depended on the seasonal variation of the LWC. The equivalent ratio of NO3 ? to non-sea salt (nss?) SO4 2? was considerably larger than that in precipitation. Ammonium ion accounted for the largest percentage of cations, which indicates that NH4 + was an important counter cation for NO3 ? and nss-SO4 2?. A unique fog event in which the air pollutants seemed to be scavenged stoichiometrically was sometimes observed. The methodology used for collecting fog water at 60 mL intervals provided detailed information. 相似文献
53.
Tomiki Kobayashi Yoshihiro Nakagawa Motonori Tamaki Takatoshi Hiraki Masahide Aikawa 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2001,130(1-4):601-606
Cloud water deposition to canopies of Cryptomeria japonica at Mt.Rokko, Kobe, Japan, was estimated from throughfall measurements and fog water collections carried out during a full year. Annual cloud frequency was 11.5–15.5% and liquid water content (LWC) was 0.059 g/m3. Since cloud water deposition on to forest canopies was significantly correlated with the amount of fog water collected, the former parameter could be quantitatively derived from throughfall measurements. Annual cloud water deposition on to Cryptomeria canopies was 1420–2860 mm (Av. 2140 mm), corresponding to 90–180% (Av. 122%) of annual rainfall. The rate of deposition was higher at the mountain ridge and the forest edge than at the mountain side and the forest interior. Annual deposition of SO4 2?, NO3 ?, H+ and NH4 + from cloud water was estimated as 204, 153, 2.5 and 58 kg/ha, respectively, equivalent to 5.8–11.7 times the corresponding deposition via rain. The values are equal to, or exceed, the maximum deposition reported for Appalachian forests in the eastern United States. Multiple regression analyses indicate that cloud water deposition on to Cryptomeria canopies was significantly correlated with the following three parameters: cloud frequency, LWC, and wind speed. Thus, these three factors apparently control cloud water deposition on to forest canopies. 相似文献
54.
Cellulase and hemicellulases (mannanase, xylanase, xyloglucanase, and licheninase) activities were measured in the extracts
of 18 species of macrobenthos (an oligochaete, two polychaetes, two decapods, one amphipod, three bivalves, and nine gastropods)
to check the relevance of macrobenthos to the breakdown process of hard-degradable carbohydrates derived from terrestrial
plants. As a result, these enzyme activities were detected in all of the extracts of macrobenthos except for Tubificidae sp. High cellulase activities were detected in the extracts of the decapods (Neocaridina denticulate denticulate, Caridina multidentata) and the gastropods (Semisulcospira libertina, S. reiniana, Physa acuta, Terebralia palustris). However, only weak activities were detected in the polychaetes (Perinereis nuntia, P. aibuhitensis) and the bivalve (Ruditapes philippinarum). High mannanase and licheninase activities were detected in two decapod species (N. denticulate, C. multidentata), while high xylanase activities were seen in the gastropods (S. libertina, S. reiniana). High xyloglucanase activities were noted in the gastropod (T. palustris). These facts suggest that the activities of different types of hemicellulase were distributed rather unevenly among the
macrobenthos. The present paper is the first to report the widespread distribution of cellulase and hemicellulase activities
among ecologically important aquatic invertebrates, and the possible relevance of these species in the breakdown process of
plant-derived hard-degradable carbohydrates. 相似文献
55.
Motonori Tamaki Takatoshi Hiraki Yoshihiro Nakagawa Tomiki Kobayashi Masahide Aikawa Mitsuru Shoga 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2001,130(1-4):1511-1516
The use of samplers for rainfall, throughfall, and stemflow was studied in Chamaecyparis obtusa forest in Kobe to develop a suitable simplified collection method for long-term monitoring of the effect of acid deposition on the forest ecosystem. A filtrating bulk sampler, widely used in Japan due to its convenience, was modified for rainfall- and throughfall-sampling. The pH value, NH4 +- and NO3 ?- concns. did not change within a two-week sampling period, and the collection efficiency of the modified type relative to the wet/dry sampler was 97% (mean). The three samplers (shampoo-hat, vinyl chloride tube, and gauze type) were used for stemflow sampling. Collection efficiency of the samplers was in the order of shampoo-hat> vinyl chloride tube> gauze and that of the gauze type varied significantly with rainfall condition. 相似文献
56.
Kosuke SODA Hiroichi OZAKI Hiroshi ITO Tatsufumi USUI Masatoshi OKAMATSU Keita MATSUNO Yoshihiro SAKODA Tsuyoshi YAMAGUCHI Toshihiro ITO 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2021,83(12):1891
Large highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks caused by clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 viruses occurred in Japan during the 2016–2017 winter. To date, several reports regarding these outbreaks have been published, however a comprehensive study including geographical and time course validations has not been performed. Herein, 58 Japanese HPAI virus (HPAIV) isolates from the 2016–2017 season were added for phylogenetic analyses and the antigenic relationships among the causal viruses were elucidated. The locations where HPAIVs were found in the early phase of the outbreaks were clustered into three regions. Genotypes C1, C5, and C6–8 HPAIVs were found in specific areas. Two strains had phylogenetically distinct hemagglutinin (HA) and non-structural (NS) genes from other previously identified strains, respectively. The estimated latest divergence date between the viral genotypes suggests that genetic reassortment occurred in bird populations before their winter migration to Japan. Antigenic differences in 2016–2017 HPAIVs were not observed, suggesting that antibody pressure in the birds did not contribute to the selection of HPAIV genotypes. In the late phase, the majority of HPAI cases in wild birds occurred south of the lake freezing line. At the end of the outbreak, HPAI re-occurred in East coast region, which may be due to the spring migration route of Anas bird species. These trends were similar to those observed in the 2010–2011 outbreaks, suggesting there is a typical pattern of seeding and dissemination of HPAIV in Japan. 相似文献
57.
58.
Kazufumi Hayashida Hisaya Nii Takatoshi Tsuji Koji Miyoshi Satoshi Hamamoto Hiroshi Ueda 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2013,39(4):907-915
Telemetry is a useful technique for elucidating salmon behavior, but the recovery periods before fish can be safely released after the attachment of telemetry devices have not yet been established. Reported recovery times vary widely, from 2 h to 13 days. We examined how anesthesia and surgery to attach external electromyogram (EMG) transmitters affected chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) recovery based on three physiological parameters. Fish subjected to anesthesia plus EMG transmitter attachment (EMG group), anesthesia only (AO group), and no handling (control) were placed in a swim tunnel. Critical swimming speed (U crit), oxygen consumption (MO2), and muscle activity (EMG values) were assessed 0, 1, 6, 12, 24, and 30 h after treatment. The MO2 in the EMG and AO groups was higher than in the control group 1 h after treatment, but did not differ significantly from the control in all subsequent trials (from 6 to 30 h after treatment). Values for U crit and EMG were not significantly different from the control group in any of the trials conducted 1–30 h after treatment. We concluded that chum salmon had regained their normal swimming ability by 6 h after treatment and could be safely released into the natural environment. 相似文献
59.
60.
Yusuke HORI Takatoshi OZAKI Yoshimitsu YAMADA Teruaki TOZAKI Heui-Soo KIM Ayaka TAKIMOTO Maiko ENDO Noboru MANABE Miho INOUE-MURAYAMA Kazuo FUJITA 《Journal of Equine Science》2013,24(3):31-36
Genetic polymorphisms in genes related to neurotransmitters or hormones affect
personality or behavioral traits in many animal species including humans. In domestic
animals, the allele frequency of such genes has been reported to be different among breeds
and it may account for breed differences in behavior. In this study, we investigated breed
differences in horses in the dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4), which has been reported to
affect horse personality. We collected samples from seven horse breeds including those
native to Japan and Korea, and compared the sequence of the DRD4 exon3 region among these
breeds. We found that there were two types of polymorphisms (VNTR and SNPs) in the exon3
region, and some of them seemed to be breed-specific. In addition, we found that the
allele frequency of G292A, reported to be associated with horse personality, differed
greatly between native Japanese horses and Thoroughbred horses. The frequency of the A
allele which is associated with low curiosity and high vigilance, was much lower in native
Japanese horses (Hokkaido, 0.03; Taishu, 0.08) than in Thoroughbreds (0.62). This
difference may account for breed differences in personality or behavioral traits. Further
studies of the function of these polymorphisms and their effect on behavior are
indicated. 相似文献