华北平原不同轮作模式固碳减排模拟研究

为探索解决长期冬小麦-夏玉米(麦-玉)单一轮作两熟模式导致农田温室气体排放加剧的问题,基于Denitrification-Decomposition(DNDC)模型分析当前气侯环境下华北地区不同轮作模式对土壤耕层有机碳储量及温室气体排放的影响。结果表明:2003—2014年各轮作模式碳汇速率整体表现为麦-玉麦-豆麦-玉-春玉米麦-玉-大豆春-玉米连作;长期模拟发现,一年两熟制两年三熟制一年一熟制轮作模式,麦玉轮作模式碳汇速率最高,有利于有机碳的长期积累,春玉米连作有机碳储量短期内有所增加,长期则表现出负增长趋势。全球增温潜势(GWP)研究发现,各轮作模式增温潜势整体表现为麦-玉麦-玉-春玉米麦-豆麦-玉-大豆春-玉米连作;从长远角度看,各模式增温潜势短期内都呈增加趋势,15年后维持稳定,稳定后麦玉模式排放量最大,而春玉米连作模式排放最低,禾豆轮作相比禾本科轮作具有很好的固碳减排效应。因此,在华北地区农田管理方面,可考虑推行禾豆轮作模式,最终达到提高土壤有机碳库和减少温室气体排放的目标。     

主要人为排放源中氮氧化物~(15)N自然丰度的测定

氮氧化物(NO_x=NO+NO_2)因其对环境和人类健康的威胁,成为大气中需要严格控制的一种痕量组分。首次运用化学转化法,通过将主要人为排放源废气中的氮氧化物(NO_x)转化为氧化亚氮(N_2O),测定气体中NO_x的15N自然丰度,即氮稳定同位素比值(δ15N-NO_x)。利用酸性氧化剂将NO_x氧化为硝酸(NO_3~-),并通过三氯化钒(VCl_3)和叠氮钠(NaN_3)的共同作用将其转化为N_2O,利用带有自动预浓缩装置的稳定同位素比值质谱计(PT-IRMS)测定δ15N-NO_x。该方法的测量精度可达0.09‰,所需样品量仅为7μg(以氮计),对火力发电站、机动交通工具等人为排放源均适用,测量精度和准确度可满足NOx相关研究的需求。     

Characterizing the potential habitat of European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus in the Mediterranean Sea,at different life stages

Identification of the potential habitat of European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) at different life stages in relation to environmental conditions is an interesting subject from both ecological and management points of view. For this purpose, acoustic data from different seasons and different parts of the Mediterranean Sea along with satellite environmental and bathymetry data were modelled using generalized additive models. Similarly, egg distribution data from summer ichthyoplankton surveys were used to model potential spawning habitat. Selected models were used to produce maps presenting the probability of anchovy presence (adults, juveniles and eggs) in the entire Mediterranean basin, as a measure of habitat adequacy. Bottom depth and sea surface chlorophyll concentration were the variables found important in all models. Potential anchovy habitats were located over the continental shelf for all life stages examined. An expansion of the potential habitat from the peak spawning (early summer) to the late spawning season (early autumn) was observed. However, the most suitable areas for the presence of anchovy spawners seem to maintain the same size between seasons. Potential juvenile habitats were associated with highly productive inshore waters, being less extended and closer to coast during winter than late autumn. Potential spawning habitat in June and July based on ichthyoplankton surveys overlapped but were wider in extent compared with adult potential habitat from acoustics in the same season. Similarities and dissimilarities between the anchovy habitats as well as comparisons with sardine habitats in the oligotrophic Mediterranean Sea and other ecosystems with higher productivity are discussed.     

抗生素在土壤中的吸附行为研究进展

抗生素是人类与动植物疾病防治中被广泛使用的抑菌或杀菌药物,由于其不能完全被机体吸收转化,大部分以原形或代谢物的形式经不同途径进入土壤环境,导致土壤微环境破坏,最终影响人类健康。本文通过文献查阅,综合近几年的研究现状,分析土壤矿物质、有机质、土壤溶液及土壤生物对抗生素吸附作用的机理,探究土壤矿物质、有机质、土壤溶液及土壤生物对抗生素吸附性能的影响,并对抗生素在土壤中的吸附行为进行了展望,以期为土壤中抗生素污染防治提供理论依据。     

Cloning,expression and characterization of sLAG-3-Ig

AIM: To obtain a vaccine with sLAG-3 as immunoadjuvant and investigate its biologic activity in order to establish the safe and effective way for asthma as one of the specific immunotherapy. METHODS: The coding sequence of LAG-3 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, the expression vector pcDNA-sLAG-3-Ig was constructed by inserting the PCR products of sLAG-3 and Fc sequence of IgG. With electroporation transfection, pcDNA-sLAG-3-Ig was transfected into COS-7 cells and its biologic activity was investigated by Western blotting analysis. RESULTS: By temperature induction, the LAG-3-Ig was highly expressed in E.coli DH5α. LAG-3-Ig fusion protein was observed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, the results showed that the LAG-3-Ig protein was an antagonist of the IL-4-induced synthesis of IgE in B cells. CONCLUSION: A new vaccine with sLAG-3 as immunoadjuvant was obtained. It could inhibit synthesis of IgE in B cells. Thus, LAG-3-Ig would be hopeful to establish the safe and effective way for asthma as one of the specific immunotherapy.     

可食性涂膜保鲜技术研究进展

概述可食性涂膜的保鲜原理及主要成膜材料的种类和性质,综述了可食性涂膜保鲜技术在果蔬、肉制品、蛋、虾、食用菌等不同种类食品贮藏中的应用研究进展,提出目前存在的主要问题,展望了今后研究与应用的发展方向。     

复方中药发酵粉对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率、抗氧化功能以及免疫功能的影响

【目的】本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加复方中药发酵粉对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率、抗氧化功能以及免疫功能的影响。【方法】试验选取48头体重为(8.290±0.140)kg、健康状况良好的28日龄三元(杜×长×大)杂交去势断奶仔猪,按照体重随机分为2组,每组6个重复,每个重复4头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂基础饲粮+3%复方中药发酵粉,其中复方中药发酵粉由山楂、陈皮、鸡内金、山药、茯苓等原料发酵而成,其主要活性物质包括有机酸、黄酮类物质、多糖类及三萜类物质等。试验为期28 d,试验结束前3 d采集饲粮样和粪样,试验结束后每个重复选取1头接近平均体重的断奶仔猪进行屠宰,采集血浆和肝脏,测定生长性能、养分表观消化率、血浆和肝脏抗氧化指标、血浆免疫指标等。【结果】与对照组相比,复方中药发酵粉组断奶仔猪平均日采食量(ADFI)和料重比(F/G)均无显著差异(P>0.05),但其平均日增重(ADG)显著提高(P<0.05),腹泻率显著降低(P<0.05);粗脂肪(EE)、粗灰分(Ash)和钙(Ca)的表观消化率均极显著或显著提高(P<0.01;P<0.05);血...     

豆米轮作对春玉米土壤固氮细菌群落结构及多样性的影响

为探明大豆-玉米轮作对土壤固氮细菌的影响，以玉米连作为对照(MMM)，以nif-H基因为指示，采用高通量测序技术，分析大豆-玉米2年轮作周期(MSM)和大豆-玉米-玉米3年轮作周期(SMM)下土壤固氮细菌群落结构及多样性。结果表明：大豆-玉米轮作下0～20、20～40 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、铵态氮和硝态氮均显著增加。固氮细菌的Chao1指数和ACE指数在0～20、20～40 cm土层均为轮作高于对照，轮作下MSM显著高于SMM;Shannon指数和Simpson指数在0～20 cm土层轮作显著高于MMM;20～40 cm土层MSM显著高于MMM。在门水平上，MSM和SMM的0～20、20～40 cm土层变形菌门的相对丰度均高于MMM。在属水平上，2个轮作类型0～20 cm土层的慢生根瘤菌属、弗兰克氏菌属和纤毛菌属相对丰度显著较高；20～40 cm土层慢生根瘤菌属、伪食酸菌属、地杆菌属和固氮弧菌属相对丰度显著较高；MSM 0～20、20～40 cm土层慢生根瘤菌属、甲基孢囊菌属和固氮弧菌属较SMM均提高。方差分析表明，固氮细菌丰度指数（Chao1和ACE指数）与有机质、碱解氮...