Microbial remediation of a pentachloronitrobenzene-contaminated soil under Panax notoginseng: A field experiment

Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) is an organochlorine fungicide that is mainly used in the prevention and control of diseases in crop seedlings. Microbial removal is used as a promising method for in-situ removal of many organic pesticides and pesticide residues. A short-term field experiment (1 year) was conducted to explore the potential role of a PCNB-degrading bacterial isolate, Cupriavidus sp. YNS-85, in the remediation of a PCNB-contaminated soil on which Panax notoginseng was grown. The following three treatments were used:i) control soil amended with wheat bran but without YNS-85, ii) soil with 0.15 kg m^-2 of solid bacterial inoculum (A), and iii) soil with 0.30 kg m^-2 of solid bacterial inoculum (B). The removal of soil PCNB during the microbial remediation was monitored using gas chromatography. Soil catalase and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) esterase activities were determined using spectrophotometry. In addition, cultivable bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes were counted by plating serial dilutions, and the microbial biodiversity of the soil was analyzed using BIOLOG. After 1 year of in-situ remediation, the soil PCNB concentrations decreased significantly by 50.3% and 74.2% in treatments A and B, respectively, when compared with the uninoculated control. The soil catalase activity decreased in the presence of the bacterial isolate, the FDA esterase activity decreased in treatment A, but increased in treatment B. No significant changes in plant biomass, diversity of the soil microbial community, or physicochemical properties of the soil were observed between the control and inoculated groups (P<0.05). The results indicate that Cupriavidus sp. YNS-85 is a potential candidate for the remediation of PCNB-contaminated soils under P. notoginseng.     

不同形态氮肥对陇东烤烟产量形成的作用及其机理

针对陇东旱塬烤烟生产中存在的氮肥种类选择不合理引起的产量不高、品质下降等问题,于2009年在甘肃省庆阳市正宁县进行大田试验,研究不同形态氮肥硝铵磷（ANP）和尿素（UA）对烤烟产量形成的作用及其机理。结果表明：ANP处理显著促进了烤烟根系的生长发育,增强了烤烟根系活力,比UA处理具有更理想的根参数和更强的根系活力,移栽15 d后,ANP处理的总根长、表面积、根尖数和根系活力分别比UA处理的增加了63.4%,64.3%,54.3%和43.8%;ANP处理显著提高了根系和地上部干物质积累量,表现在收获时ANP处理的根系及地上部干物质积累量分别比UA处理的增加了15.87%和12.05%;烤烟移栽后短期内,ANP处理的土壤NO3^--N含量明显高于UA处理的,且土壤NH4^＋-N含量明显低于UA处理的,移栽5 d后,ANP处理的土壤NO3^--N含量比UA处理的增加了44.7%,NH4^＋-N含量比UA处理的降低了44.8%;ANP处理显著提高了烤烟产量和产值,分别比UA处理增加了16.8%和24.8%,纯收入增加了7 330元/hm2;尿素和硝铵磷施入土壤后短期内化学行为的不同,以及由此引起的根形态和吸收能力不同是引起烤烟产量和产值差异的主要原因。     

高产嗜铁素恶臭假单胞菌A3菌株的鉴定及其对黄瓜的促生作用

从大棚蔬菜根际土中分离到一株嗜铁素高产菌株A3,铬天青（CAS）法定量检测其嗜铁素相对含量达93.40%,Shenkers实验确定为羧酸型嗜铁素。在不同底物诱导下,该菌株可不同程度地产生吲哚乙酸（IAA）及1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸（ACC）脱氨酶,并具有一定的溶磷能力。根据形态特征、生理生化、API系统及16S rRNA基因序列分析,将菌株A3鉴定为恶臭假单胞菌（Pseudomonas putida）。在缺铁Hoagland营养液中添加难溶性铁及菌株A3嗜铁素发酵滤液的处理组,能够显著提高黄瓜幼苗的株高、根长、叶长、鲜重及叶绿素含量,表明菌株A3产生的嗜铁素在低铁条件下对黄瓜幼苗具有促生作用。     

长江三角洲地区污泥中多环芳烃的污染研究

To ascertain the contaminated conditions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in sludge and to evaluate the risk of application of this sludge for agricultural purposes, 44 sludge samples obtained from 15 cities in the Yangtze River Delta area of China were investigated using capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry （GC/MS） after ultrasonic extraction and silica gel cleanup. PAHs＇ contents ranged from 0.0167 to 15.4860 mg kg^-1 （dry weight, DW） and averaged 1.376 mg kg^-1, with most samples containing 〈 1.5 mg kg^-1. Pyrene （PY）, fluoranthene （FL）, benzo[b]fluoranthene （BbF）, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene （IND）, benzo[a]pyrene （B[a]P）, and benzo[g,h,i]perylene （BghiP） were the most dominant compounds, ranging from 0.1582 to 0.2518 mg kg^-1. Single PAH, such as naphthalene （NAP, 2-benzene rings）, phenanthrene （PA, 3-benzene rings）, PY （4-benzene rings）, and FL （3-benzene rings）, had high detection rates （76.1%-93.5%）. The distribution patterns of PAHs were found to vary with the sludge samples; however, the patterns showed that a few compounds with 2- and 3-benzene rings were commonly found in the samples, whereas those with 4-, 5-, and 6-benzene rings were usually less commonly found. All the 44 sludge samples were within the B[a]P concentration limit for sludge applied to agricultural land in China （〈 3.0 rag kg^-1）. The probable sources of PAH contamination in the sludge samples were petroleum, petroleum products, and combustion of liquid and solid fuel. The concentrations and distributions of the 16 PAHs in sludge were related to sludge type, source, and treatment technology, together with the physicochemical properties.     

铜尾矿污染土壤几种牧草的重金属抗性及微生物群落功能多样性研究

Copper （Cu） mine tailings, because of their high content of heavy metals, are usually hostile to plant colonization. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the tolerance of four forage grasses to heavy metals in Cu mine tailings and to examine the variation in the microbial functional diversity of soils from the tailing sites in southern China. All the four grass species survived on Cu mine tailings and Cu mine tailing-soil mixture. However, on pure mine tailings, the growth was minimal, whereas the growth was maximum for the control without mine tailings. The tolerance of grasses to heavy metals followed the sequence： Paspalum notatum 〉 Festuea arundinaeea 〉 Lolium perenne 〉 Cynodon daetylon. The planting of forage grasses enhanced the soil microbial biomass. The Biolog data indicated that the soil microbial metabolic profile values （average well color development, community richness, and Shannon index） of the four forage grasses also followed the sequence： P. notatum 〉 F. arundinaeea 〉 L. perenne 〉 C. daetylon. Thus, P. notatum, under the experimental conditions of this study, may be considered as the preferred plant species for revegetation of Cu mine tailing areas.     

面向不断变化世界,创新未来土壤科学——第19届世界土壤学大会综合报道

<正>1本届大会概况第19届世界土壤学大会,于2010年8月1日至6日在澳大利亚布里斯班召开。出席本次大会的代表来自全世界近100多个国家和地区,共1 342人,其中我国出席人员近200人。     

不同光质对朝鲜淫羊藿生长、生理和黄酮类成分积累的影响

为了研究不同光质对朝鲜淫羊藿生长、生理和黄酮类成分积累的影响,确定适宜朝鲜淫羊藿栽培生产的光质条件,使用4种LED光源(白光、红光、黄光、蓝光)对盆栽朝鲜淫羊藿进行处理,以白光处理作为对照(CK),测定了各光质处理下朝鲜淫羊藿的株高、茎粗、叶面积、叶鲜重、叶干重等生长指标,叶绿素含量、光合作用参数、抗氧化酶活性等生理指...     

基于响应面法的杨树桑黄菌种液体培养基优化

杨树桑黄(Sanghuangporus vaninii)作为大型药用真菌,由于其生长年限长且开发不合理,导致其资源短缺,而通过液体发酵培养可以在短时间内得到大量菌丝体.本试验以菌丝体生物量为主要指标,对杨树桑黄液体培养基进行优化.通过响应面分析法对杨树桑黄液体培养基的碳源、氮源、无机盐进行筛选.结果表明:杨树桑黄ST菌...     

夹竹桃提取物对松材线虫致死性的研究

用夹竹桃的树皮和树叶的酒精提取物和水提取物对松材线虫有很强的毒性,尤其是叶片的水提取物对松材线虫的杀伤性极强。这对利用植物提取液来毒杀松材线虫提供了一个初步的结论。     

甜玉米自交系的表型形状和SSR聚类分析

为确定甜玉米自交系的亲缘关系远近和来源,以组配出更优良的组合从而获得更大的杂种优势,本研究选用50份遗传背景差异较大的甜玉米自交系材料,通过表型数据分析,以7.8为阈值,可以将甜玉米的表型性状分成4大类,分别是具有18个亲本的第Ⅰ大类,12个亲本的第Ⅱ大类,6个亲本的第Ⅲ大类,14个亲本的第Ⅳ大类;采用UPGMA方法对甜玉米自交系进行SSR聚类分析,以相似系数0.65为标准,可以将甜玉米自交系划分为4大类,分别是具有10个亲本的第Ⅰ大类,14个亲本的第Ⅱ大类,13个亲本的第Ⅲ大类,13个亲本的第Ⅳ大类。通过分析比较得出,2种聚类方法基本吻合。这2种聚类方法的利用为选择有代表性的亲本组配杂交组合提供了参考,为杂种优势的利用、配合力的分析及遗传相关分析等提供了依据。