兽药促销将何去何从——兽药促销发展及新策略分析

促销是在短期内解决销量的最有效法宝，不管是基于销售指标的压力，还是基于市场竞争或其他原因，企业运用的最为娴熟的就是具有立竿见影市场戍效的促销了，甚至只要销量一下滑，首先想到的对策就是举办促销活动。 然而，在今年这样需求下滑的犬形势下，促销似乎陷入了困境，而且返点促销、会议拉动、旅游吸引也渐渐拉高了促销的竞争成本，盲目的竞争性促销、资金回笼的促销也使得促销与企业整体的战略营销渐行渐远，只见眼前不见长远。那么，什么情况下应该做兽药促销？促销的重点又应该是什么？如何让企业、客户摆脱促销依赖？如何利用促销提升品牌？如何做到促销是整体营销努力的结果？兽药促销将何去何从呢？为此，本刊编辑部特别组织了此次焦点关注专题。[编者按]     

Effects of corn condensed distillers solubles supplementation on ruminal fermentation, digestion, and in situ disappearance in steers consuming low-quality hay

Two metabolism (4 x 4 Latin square design) experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of corn condensed distillers solubles (CCDS) supplementation on intake, ruminal fermentation, site of digestion, and the in situ disappearance rate of forage in beef steers fed low-quality switchgrass hay (Panicum virgatum L.). Experimental periods for both trials consisted of a 9-d diet adaptation and 5 d of collection. In Exp. 1, 4 ruminally and duodenally cannulated steers (561 +/- 53 kg of initial BW) were fed low-quality switchgrass hay (5.1% CP, 40.3% ADF, 7.5% ash; DM basis) and supplemented with CCDS (15.4% CP, 4.2% fat; DM basis). Treatments included 1) no CCDS; 2) 5% CCDS; 3) 10% CCDS; and 4) 15% CCDS (DM basis), which was offered separately from the hay. In Exp. 2, 4 ruminally and duodenally cannulated steers (266.7 +/- 9.5 kg of initial BW) were assigned to treatments similar to Exp. 1, except forage (Panicum virgatum L.; 3.3% CP, 42.5% ADF, 5.9% ash; DM basis) and CCDS (21.6% CP, 17.4% fat; DM basis) were fed as a mixed ration, using a forage mixer to blend the CCDS with the hay. In Exp. 1, ruminal, postruminal, and total tract OM digestibilities were not affected (P = 0.21 to 0.59) by treatment. Crude protein intake and total tract CP digestibility increased linearly with increasing CCDS (P = 0.001 and 0.009, respectively). Microbial CP synthesis tended (P = 0.11) to increase linearly with increasing CCDS, whereas microbial efficiency was not different (P = 0.38). Supplementation of CCDS to low-quality hay-based diets tended to increase total DM and OM intakes (P = 0.11 and 0.13, respectively) without affecting hay DMI (P = 0.70). In Exp. 2, ruminal OM digestion increased linearly (P = 0.003) with increasing CCDS, whereas postruminal and total tract OM digestibilities were not affected (P > or = 0.37) by treatment. Crude protein intake, total tract CP digestibility, and microbial CP synthesis increased (P < or = 0.06) with increasing level of CCDS supplementation, whereas microbial efficiency did not change (P = 0.43). Ruminal digestion of ADF and NDF increased (P = 0.02 and 0.008, respectively) with CCDS supplementation. Based on this data, CCDS used in Exp. 2 was 86.7% rumen degradable protein. The results indicate that CCDS supplementation improves nutrient availability and use of low-quality forages.     

复合蜂胶制剂在蛋鸡生产上的试验研究(Ⅱ)

随着我国加入WTO，参与国际竞争和人民生活水平的不断提高，开发无污染、无药残、不产生抗药性的绿色饲料添加剂替代抗生素，已成为一项重要的研究课题。经试验证明，复合蜂胶绿色饲料添加剂能有效降低鸡蛋中的胆固醇含量，提高人体的不饱和脂肪酸含量。为了阐明复合蜂胶绿色饲料添加剂的作用机理和效果，进行了此次试验，现将情况报道如下。     

规模化猪场呼吸道疾病的综合防控措施

随着规模化养猪业的不断发展,养猪生产中高密度的饲养、干粉料的自动饲喂、精细管理的不足、气候变化异常等因素影响,猪呼吸道疾病在我国的一些地区的发生情况日趋严重,尤其是在每年的冬春季节,猪呼吸道病的发病率和死亡率非常高,不仅给养猪业带来了较大的经济损失,也给我们兽医工作者带来了极大挑战。本期将讨论如何做好猪呼吸道疾病的综合防控工作,希望能给广大养猪人带来一定的帮助!     

商界辩证法

创业成功不容易，能真正守住成功的人也很少。在事业小有成就之后能否守住，是对一个人精力、意志和知识水平的考验。那种稍有成绩便沾沾自喜的人，不敢创新进取的人，不能超越自己向自我挑战的人，是不能完成守成使命的，其结果往往是投资与心血付诸东流。     

贵州优良草品种引种选育及应用

贵州主要地方优良草种选育及利用在贵州草地畜牧业发展和石漠化治理中具有重要意义,研究结合近年来的科研工作,综述了贵州近30年来在主要地方优良草种选育利用方面的主要成就。结果表明,自贵州草地畜牧业兴起以来,广大科技人员为解决草地生产用种问题,先后引进国内外优良草种10余种累计100多份品种资源,并多次考察收集贵州野生牧草品种资源近1 000份,经过整理、鉴定,发掘了一批重要的育种材料。近15年来,采用引种驯化筛选、选择育种等方法先后选育牧草新品种9个,对促进贵州草地畜牧业的发展做出了一定的贡献。还分析了贵州牧草育种存在的主要问题并展望了今后育种研究的主要方向。     

吉安市早熟梨生产现状与发展策略

吉安市是江西果业生产重点市．2004年。全市果树面积4．8万hm^2．水果总产量17.8万t。近年来．吉安市根据江西省“南拮北梨”的水果产业布局思路，在突出抓好脐橙、遂川金桔（金柑）、三湖红桔和井冈蜜柚等特色果业生产的基础上，因地制宜．扬优乘势，重点在泰和、永新、吉水和峡江等梨生产基础较好的县发展了以翠冠梨为主的优质早熟梨．并取得了一定成效。     

Comparative study on calretinin immunoreactivity in gerbil and rat retina

Expression of calretinin in retina has been ascribed to multiple biological and functional aspects in the visual system. In this study, we examined the distribution patterns of calretinin immunoreactivity in gerbil and rat retina. In the gerbil, calretinin immunoreactivity was present in bipolar and amacrine cells of the inner nuclear layer and in neurones of the ganglion cell layer. In the rat, amacrine and ganglion cells showed calretinin immunoreactivity, but bipolar cells did not contain calretinin immunoreactivity. In both species, calretinin immunoreactivity was absent in cones, cone bipolars, and horizontal cells. In conclusion, gerbil as well as rat has a rod-dominant retina. The differences in calretinin expression between rat and gerbil require further investigations under various functional and developmental conditions.     

番鸭开产体重对繁殖性能的影响

为研究开产体重对番鸭繁殖性能的影响。本试验按开产体重将同批番鸭分为三组，观测各组的产蛋率、蛋重、受精率和孵化率等指标。并对数据进行方差分析，结果表明，三组番鸭的产蛋率和蛋重差异显著（P〈0．05），而三组的量精率和孵化率差异不显著（P〉0．05）。可见番鸭开产体重对产蛋率、蛋重有影响，而对孵化率和受精率等无显著影响。     

新疆伊犁某牛场大肠杆菌耐药性调查

为了调查新疆伊犁某牛场饮水、饲料和粪样中分离的大肠杆菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药情况。本试验采用微量肉汤稀释法,对饮水源、饲料源、牛粪源样品中分离出的大肠杆菌进行最小抑菌浓度测定。结果显示,25份牛场饮水源样品,大肠杆菌分离率为100.0%（25/25）,对阿莫西林/克拉维酸（12.0%）、氨苄西林（4.0%）、诺氟沙星（4.0%）、恩诺沙星（8.0%）和安普霉素（8.0%）5种抗菌药物耐药;72份牛场饲料源样品,大肠杆菌分离率为65.3%（47/72）,对阿莫西林/克拉维酸（36.2%）、氨苄西林（19.1%）、诺氟沙星（4.3%）和安普霉素（4.3%）4种抗菌药物耐药;80份牛粪源样品,大肠杆菌分离率为100.0%（80/80）,对阿米卡星（12.5%）、氨苄西林（7.5%）、恩诺沙星（7.5%）、庆大霉素（5.0%）、诺氟沙星（2.5%）、环丙沙星（2.5%）、阿莫西林/克拉维酸（1.3%）和头孢噻呋（1.3%）8种抗菌药物耐药,仅对安普霉素敏感。该牛场分离的大肠杆菌对常用抗菌药物耐药情况一般,但中介率较高,须在临床治疗细菌性疾病中避免使用不敏感和中介率高的抗菌药物,养殖场饮水和饲料有被耐药大肠杆菌污染的风险。