Hepatomas in Atlantic tomcod Microgadus tomcod (Walbaum) collected in the Hudson River estuary in New York

Abstract. Incidental observations of Atlantic tomcod during routine laboratory processing revealed that a portion of the adult population collected during the 1977–78 spawning season had enlarged livers containing dark coloured tumours and other abnormalities. Of the total of 264 livers collected between 16 January and 27 February 1978 and grossly examined for prevalence of abnormalities, 25% appeared to contain neoplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinoma. One liver contained a massive tumour (7 × 12 mm) that involved approximately 60% of the liver. The exact causes of the high prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma are unknown but poly-chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are suspected of having a possible role. The Hudson River is known to contain elevated concentrations of PCBs. Twelve tomcod livers from the 1977–78 spawning population representing both normal and hepatoma conditions contained concentrations of PCBs ranging from 10–9 to 98–2 ppm (mean of 37–5 ppm).     

Antigen competition: antigens compete for a cell occurring with limited frequency

Experimentally altered ability of transferred spleen cells to generate hemolytic plaque-forming cells provided evidence that antigens compete for a type of multipotential cell that contributes to the formation of immunologically competent units. De'ay of exposure of transferred spleen cells to antigen provided results which suggest that different types of cells interact to form competent, antigen-reactive units even in the absence of antigen.     

Preliminary results of treatment and endocrinology of chronic endometritis in the dairy cow

Cows with chronic endometritis were treated by using uterine irrigation, prostaglandin or oestradiol benzoate. An attempt was made to relate the success of treatment to the nature of the discharge. No statistically significant differences were demonstrated between the different treatments, nor did the severity of the disease as judged by the amount of pus in the discharge affect the success of treatment. Progesterone and in some cases a metabolite of prostaglandin were measured in a milk sample taken at the time of treatment. Increased prostaglandin concentrations were found in 69 of 71 samples examined but they were not correlated with the progesterone concentrations. These measurements from cases of endometritis were higher than those from normal cows in the immediate post partum period and during established oestrous cycles. Treatment with prostaglandin when the concentration of progesterone was high was not more effective than when progesterone concentrations were low. Treatment had less influence on the subsequent fertility of the cow than other factors investigated; in particular, the sooner after calving the cow was treated the greater was the chance of success. This was thought to be due, at least in part, to the high rate of spontaneous recovery. Before treatment can be evaluated effectively a method must be found to identify persistent cases.     

Influence of variety on the within-plant distribution of cassava green spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae), and leaf anatomical characteristics and chemical components in relation to varietal resistance

The within-plant distribution of the cassava green spider mite, Mononychellus tanajoa Bondar, and the anatomical characteristics and the chemical components relating to varietal resistance of cassava, were studied using 11 cassava genotypes with varying levels of resistance for two dry seasons and one wet season. The results show that M. tanajoa aggregates on the top leaves of cassava at low levels of resistance as compared with a more even within-plant distribution at higher levels of resistance. Thus, for accurate sampling of mite populations, it might be important to consider young and old leaves, not just the young leaves, in fields containing resistant and susceptible cassava genotypes. Correlations between the anatomical characteristics and mite population density and damage scores were not consistent across months, either within or over seasons. This suggests that leaf anatomical characteristics may not be important in the varietal resistance of cassava to M. tanajoa. During the dry season, mite population density was positively correlated with leaf nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus and negatively correlated with leaf calcium and fat. Only calcium was negatively associated with mite damage at the peak of the dry season (January 1993 and 1994). Breeding cassava genotypes with high levels of leaf calcium and fat, and low levels of leaf nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, may improve the level of resistance to M. tanajoa.     

Carbon flux and growth in mature deciduous forest trees exposed to elevated CO2

Whether rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations will cause forests to grow faster and store more carbon is an open question. Using free air CO2 release in combination with a canopy crane, we found an immediate and sustained enhancement of carbon flux through 35-meter-tall temperate forest trees when exposed to elevated CO2. However, there was no overall stimulation in stem growth and leaf litter production after 4 years. Photosynthetic capacity was not reduced, leaf chemistry changes were minor, and tree species differed in their responses. Although growing vigorously, these trees did not accrete more biomass carbon in stems in response to elevated CO2, thus challenging projections of growth responses derived from tests with smaller trees.     

Hybrid grass-clump dwarfness in wheat: Physiology and genetics

Summary The growth of all grass-clump dwarfs is sensitive to temperature with low temperature giving rise to the grass-clump phenotype and high temperature producing normal phenotype. A continuous temperature of 26°C is required for normal growth of Type 1 dwarfs, a continuous temperature of 21°C is required for normal growth of Ty[e 2 dwarfs and a continuous temperature of 16°C is required for normal growth of Type 3 dwarfs.Genetic studies show that the inheritance of the grass-clump characteristic is due to three complementary dominant genes.The grass-clump growth habit is produced as a result of the temperature sensitivity of the apical meristem. In grass-clump plants low temperature treatment results in the cessation of cell division, DNA synthesis and phospholipid synthesis in the apical meristem. The primary temperature lesion has not been identified. Prolonged low temperature treatment of grass-clump plants results in extensive cell necrosis in a region just below the apical meristem; this cell death results in the permanent inactivation of the apical meristem.Supported in part by the National Research Council of Canada.     

Identification of resistance gene analogue markers closely linked to wheat powdery mildew resistance gene Pm31

Specific oligonucleotide primers, designed for the sequences of known plant disease resistance genes, were used to amplify resistance gene analogues (RGAs) from wheat genomic DNA. This method was applied in a bulked segregant analysis to screen for the RGA markers linked to the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm31, introgressed into common wheat from wild emmer. Two RGA markers (RGA200 and RGA390) were found to be closely linked to Pm31 and completely co‐segregating with the marker allele of Xpsp3029 linked to Pm31, with a genetic distance of 0.6 cM. These two RGA markers were then integrated into the formerly established microsatellite map of Pm31 region. The result showed the effectiveness of the RGA approach for developing molecular markers linked to disease resistance genes and demonstrated the efficiency of denaturing polyacrylamide‐gel electrophoresis for detecting polymerase chain reaction polymorphism.