Non-random segregation of gene I for Fusarium resistance in the tomato

Significant deviations from the ratios expected, according to the single dominant gene hypothesis for resistance to Fusarium wilt, were found in crosses involving several susceptible and resistant tomato lines. The susceptible class was the deficient one in F₂ and F₃ populations, as well as in backcrosses in which the heterozygotic resistant F₁ served as the male parent. The reciprocal backcross, with the F₁ as the female and the homozygous susceptible as the male, gave segregations better approximating or consistent with the single gene hypothesis. Reciprocal F₁ and F₂ generations did not give any evidence of cytoplasmic effects.The results were interpreted assuming preferential fertilization of ovules by pollen grains carrying the dominant I allele for resistance.The practical implications of the phenomenon of preferential fertilization in breeding for Fusarium resistance are discussed.     

The breeding systems and some interspecific relations of a number of African Trifolium spp.

The breeding systems of 12 species and varieties of Trifolium from Africa were investigated. One annual and the three perennial species were allogamous and self-incompatible, the other annuals were autogamous.The effect of temperature on pollen germination and growth was variable. In some species high temperatures (30°C) adversely affected pollen germination and low temperatures (20°C) in others. A high humidity (93–98% R.H.) was essential for good pollen germination and growth.Approach grafts indicated that these species were closely related, however, this method of grafting may not be as reliable as the cleft graft for assessing species relations. From hybridization attempts between seven species, it appears that some interspecific hybrids may be possible within this group.     

The measurement of stem toughness in marrow-stem kale using a simple laboratory penetrometer

The construction and use of a variable force penetrometer for measuring the woodiness of kale stems is described.The force required to cause penetration of the probe through the xylem tissue was found to bear a close relationship to estimates of quality based on in vitro digestibility determinations, crude fibre content and visual assessment of lignification in stained transverse sections of stems.     

THE EFFECT OF THE BIPYRIDYL HERBICIDES ON HILL COMMUNITIES AND THEIR ROLE IN THE IMPROVEMENT OF HILL GRAZING

The improvement of hill land is important to the national economy of the United Kingdom. An increase in the amount of enclosed productive land results in a greater stock-carrying capacity of a hill farm. Improvement is not always possible by conventional implements, and herbicides are being used to kill the old sward. The bipyridyl herbicides offer a means of destroying or modifying the indigenous vegetation. The application of low doses of paraquat or diquat to an association containing Molinia caerulea, Nardus sfricta and Festuca avina resulted in a change in equilibrium in favour of the fescues. The application of 2 lb paraquat per acre practically eliminates all grass species in a sward and it is then possible to establish desirable pasture species after lightly cultivating the dead surface litter.     

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PAPER AND OIL AS CARRIERS OF CHROMIUM SESQUIOXIDE ADMINISTERED TO GRAZING STEERS TO DETERMINE THEIR FAECAL OUTPUT

Two steers excreting similar quantities of organic matter daily were grazed at pasture during the summer of 1961. The four experiments each involved a preliminary period of five days dosing with Cr₂O₃ to reach a fairly constant excretion. The steers received a daily dose of Cr₂O₃ either in oil suspension or in shredded paper. The carriers and steers were interchanged for each trial. For two of the trials each steer in turn was harnessed every other day and all its dung collected in a bag. Total faecal excretion of organic matter was measured from the bagged steer and estimated from the Cr₂O₃ concentration in a composite sample made up from all dung pats voided during the ten-day collection period. In the other two trials the steers were not harnessed and each dung pat was separately sampled and analysed for Cr₂O₃ in the organic matter. The average recovery of Cr₂O₃ in the first two trials was 99·1 (oil) or 94·4% (paper). Calculating the faecal organic matter excretion from the concentration of Cr₂O₃ in the faeces and the quantity given daily overestimated it by 3·5 to 8·0%. There was no significant difference between shredded paper and oil as carriers of Cr₂O₃ for estimating the quantity of organic matter excreted. There were 37% and 22% less variation between dung pats in Cr₂O₃ concentration when this was administered in shredded paper than when given in oil suspension.     

THE INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZER ON THE WINTER SURVIVAL OF INTERMEDIATE WHEATGRASS FOLLOWING A LONG PERIOD OF DROUGHT

In Saskatchewan, intermediate wheatgrass ( Agropyron intermedium Host. Beauv.) suffered severe winter injury during the 1961–2 winter season, which followed a series of drought years, the most severe being 1961. In two tests, designed to study fertilizer effects, the extent of severe winter injury increased with the rate of application. The killing ranged from 4% where no fertilizer was applied to 90% where 66 lb of N per acre were applied. Slightly more winter-killing occurred after applications of ammonium phosphate/sulphate (16-20-0) fertilizer than after ammonium nitrate (33·5-0-0).
The grass growing in rows 36 in. apart killed out to a greater extent than that growing in rows 18 in apart Less winter injury occurred after spring applications of fertilizer than after application in the fall.     

THE EFFECT OF HISTAMINE ON SILAGE DRY-MATTER INTAKE

The oral introduction of 0·5 g histamine as the diphosphate into the rumen of sheep produced no effect on the physiological condition of the animals. The feeding of histamine, as the dihydrochloride, in levels up to 1 g/day to sheep on silage diets did not affect the dry-matter intake.     

WILD WHITE CLOVER SEED PRODUCTION

A survey, covering some 140 fields, totalling 1540 acres, in Kent was conducted in 1961 on the effect of different methods of management on yields of perennial ryegrass and white clover seed. The main results were: (a) the majority of seed growers harvested seed from short-term leys and only a limited acreage of permanent pasture was used for producing seed. Yields of both ryegrass and clover seed were considerably higher on the younger leys; (b) the highest seed yields in 1961 were obtained from fields where sheep grazing was stopped on 24 May. However, a large number of growers continued sheep grazing well after this date: (c) mechanical defoliation, especially when used to supplement sheep grazing, proved an effective method for producing high yields of clover seed; (d) honey bees are important in increasing seed yields, particularly on recently sown leys; (e) combine harvesting from the swath was the most common method of harvesting and no instance of the use of tripods was reported. Seed yields from baling methods were generally low, but direct combining produced a high average yield of clover seed. From these results it was concluded that there was much scope for raising the general level of clover seed yields, especially by giving greater attention to details of management.     

Resistance in tomato to tobacco mosaic virus

The literature on resistance in tomato to TMV is reviewed. The chronological sequence of publication and the relationships between the material of different workers is show graphically. The sources of resistance and the genotype/environment interaction is discussed. The author asks for an increased standardisation of techniques, greater attention to tests for allelism and a responsible attitude when resistant varieties are to be released.There are 54 references     

Germinal pore number in pollen grains as a selection basis in the production of tetraploid clover

Experiments with the variety Fahl of Berseem clover and with different material of red clover have shown that the occurrence of tetraploid and diploid tissues can be detected in a rapid and reliable way by determining the number and arrangement of germinal pores of the pollen. The advantages over the conventional methods are mentioned and described.The determination of the germinal pore pattern, which is combined with pair crossing of the tetraploid heads, makes it possible to obtain in an efficient way completely tetraploid material with a great genetic variability.Samenvatting Proeven met het ras Fahl van Alexandrijnse klaver en met verschillend materiaal van rode klaver hebben uitgewezen dat het voorkomen van tetraploide en diploide weefsels op een snelle en betrouwbare wijze aangetoond kan worden door middel van bepaling van het kiemporiënbeeld van het stuifmeel.De bepaling van het kiemporiënbeeld gevolgd door paarsgewijze kruising van de tetraploide hoofdjes maakt het mogelijk op een efficiënte wijze te komen tot zuiver tetraploid materiaal met een grote genetische variabiliteit.