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31.
Stone EC Cummings AC Loooper MD Selesnick RS Lal N McDonald FB Trainor JH Chenette DL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1989,246(4936):1489-1494
The Voyager 2 cosmic ray system (CRS) measured significant fluxes of energetic [>/=1 megaelectron volt (MeV)] trapped electrons and protons in the magnetosphere of Neptune. The intensities are maximum near a magnetic L shell of 7, decreasing closer to the planet because of absorption by satellites and rings. In the region of the inner satellites of Neptune, the radiation belts have a complicated structure, which provides some constraints on the magnetic field geometry of the inner magnetosphere. Electron phase-space densities have a positive radial gradient, indicating that they diffuse inward from a source in the outer magnetosphere. Electron spectra from 1 to 5 MeV are generally well represented by power laws with indices near 6, which harden in the region of peak flux to power law indices of 4 to 5. Protons have significantly lower fluxes than electrons throughout the magnetosphere, with large anisotropies due to radial intensity gradients. The radiation belts resemble those of Uranus to the extent allowed by the different locations of the satellites, which limit the flux at each planet. 相似文献
32.
Sundareshwar PV Murtugudde R Srinivasan G Singh S Ramesh KJ Ramesh R Verma SB Agarwal D Baldocchi D Baru CK Baruah KK Chowdhury GR Dadhwal VK Dutt CB Fuentes J Gupta PK Hargrove WW Howard M Jha CS Lal S Michener WK Mitra AP Morris JT Myneni RR Naja M Nemani R Purvaja R Raha S Vanan SK Sharma M Subramaniam A Sukumar R Twilley RR Zimmerman PR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,316(5822):204-205
33.
Lal R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,304(5677):1623-1627
The carbon sink capacity of the world's agricultural and degraded soils is 50 to 66% of the historic carbon loss of 42 to 78 gigatons of carbon. The rate of soil organic carbon sequestration with adoption of recommended technologies depends on soil texture and structure, rainfall, temperature, farming system, and soil management. Strategies to increase the soil carbon pool include soil restoration and woodland regeneration, no-till farming, cover crops, nutrient management, manuring and sludge application, improved grazing, water conservation and harvesting, efficient irrigation, agroforestry practices, and growing energy crops on spare lands. An increase of 1 ton of soil carbon pool of degraded cropland soils may increase crop yield by 20 to 40 kilograms per hectare (kg/ha) for wheat, 10 to 20 kg/ha for maize, and 0.5 to 1 kg/ha for cowpeas. As well as enhancing food security, carbon sequestration has the potential to offset fossil fuel emissions by 0.4 to 1.2 gigatons of carbon per year, or 5 to 15% of the global fossil-fuel emissions. 相似文献
34.
Methane (CH4) oxidation potential of soils decreases with cultivation, but limited information is available regarding the restoration of that capacity with implementation of reduced tillage practices. A study was conducted to assess the impact of tillage intensity on CH4 oxidation and several C-cycling indices including total and active microbial biomass C (t-MBC, a-MBC), mineralizable C (Cmin) and N (Nmin), and aggregate-protected C. Intact cores and disturbed soil samples (0–5 and 5–15 cm) were collected from a corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) rotation under moldboard-plow (MP), chisel-plow (CP) and no-till (NT) for 8 years. An adjacent pasture (<25 years) and secondary growth forest (>60 years) soils were also sampled as references. At all sites, soil was a Kokomo silty clay loam (mesic Typic Argiaquolls). Significant tillage effects on t-MBC and protected C were found in the 0–5 cm depth. Protected C, a measure of C retained within macro-aggregates and defined as the difference in Cmin (CO2 evolved in a 56 days incubation) between intact and sieved (<2 mm) soil samples, amounted to 516, 162 and 121 mg C kg−1 soil in the 0–5 cm layer of the forest, pasture and NT soils, respectively. Protected C was negligible in the CP and MP soils. Methane uptake rate (μg CH4-C kg−1 soil per day, under ambient CH4) was higher in forest (2.70) than in pasture (1.22) and cropland (0.61) soils. No significant tillage effect on CH4 oxidation rate was detected (MP: 0.82; CP: 0.41; NT: 0.61). These results underscore the slow recovery of the CH4 uptake capacity of soils and suggest that, to have an impact, tillage reduction may need to be implemented for several decades. 相似文献
35.
36.
Effects of crop growth and soil treatments on microbial C,N, and P in dry tropical arable land 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We studied the dynamics of microbial C, N, and P in soil cropped with rice (Oryza sativa) and lentils (Lens culinaris) in a dryland farming system. The crop biomass and grain yield were also studied. The microbial biomass and its N and P contents were larger under the lentil than under the rice crop. Microbial nutrients decreased as the crops grew and then increased again. Farmyard manure and NPK fertilizer applications increased the level of microbial nutrients, crop biomass, and grain yield by 35–80%, 55–85%, and 74–86%, respectively. However, these applications had no significant effect on most of the soil physicochemical properties in the short term. The microbial biomass was correlated with the crop biomass and grain yield. The calculated flux of N and P through the microbial biomass ranged from 30–45 and 10–19 kg ha-1 year-1, respectively. Cultivation of a cereal crop followed by a leguminous crop sustains higher levels of microbial nutrients and hence greater fertility in impoverished tropical arable soils. The soil microbial biomass appears to contribute significantly to crop productivity by releasing nutrients, and applications of manure, either alone or with fertilizers, promote this effect more strongly than the application of NPK fertilizers alone. 相似文献
37.
A ciliate protozoan, Tetrahymenapyriformis was exposed to three insecticides, dieldrin, dimethoate, and permethrin for 12 hr to study the uptake and bioconcentration potential. Ciliates concentrated 922, 3547, and 1056 gg g?1 dry wt. over an initial concentration of 1 gg mL?1 of dieldrin, dimethoate, and permethrin, respectively. The highest bioconcentration factor for three insecticides was 2095, 3547, and 1110, respectively. It is suggested that if levels in the environment reach 1 gg mL?1 the chief effects would be reduction of cell population, and accumulation of the toxicants by ciliates. Accumulation of insecticides by ciliates would permit the toxicants to enter aquatic food chains. Thus the compounds could exert toxic effects at higher trophic levels. 相似文献
38.
Cultivated tetraploid Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvaceae) cotton has been characterized as having one flower at a primordia. In a strain (CSH-13) of Gossypium hirsutum cotton, four plants out of 103 had two to three double bolls or twin bolls/plant during 2003–2004 crop season at CICR regional station, Sirsa, Haryana, India. Progeny evaluation in 2004 and 2005 crop seasons indicated that plants raised from seeds harvested from double bolls/twin bolls produced plants bearing double bolls only and plant progeny raised from the seed of single bolls from these mutant plants produced two to three double bolls per plant similar to the parent. Progeny testing revealed that double boll formation is the result of spontaneous mutation and environment does not influence its expression. The mutant is early in maturity by 10–15 days, naked seeded and possesses comparable agronomic characters with normal plants. Another spontaneous mutant of Gossypium hirsutum having more than three appendages originating from primordia.: four bolls one leaf, three bolls one leaf, two bolls two leaves, one boll three leaves were obtained from the population of CISV-13 strain in crop season 2003. These appendage groups have been described as bicolor unit by Clemens Bayer, [Zur Infloreszenzmorphologie der Malvales. Dissertations Botany 212 (1994)] and cluster mutant by Russell and Luther [J Cott Sci 6 (2002) 115]. One to three bolls in a cluster or bicolor unit were observed without formation of seeds and lint. About one-third of the total bolls on the mutant plant were of this type. In progeny testing during 2004 and 2005 crop seasons, this mutant produced plants exclusively with more than three appendages revealing that plants identified in 2003 were due to spontaneous mutation. This mutant was also early and naked seeded. Many of the other characters of the mutant plants were comparable with the wild type plants of the strain. Both the mutants were observed having economic impact due to their better yielding ability as compare to respective parents. 相似文献
39.
Rates of dung decomposition and the associated accumulation of soil transported to the surface were compared for dung deposited during a dry and a wet season in a Costa Rican pasture. Average decomposition rates for the first 140 days after deposition were significantly lower for dung patches deposited at the beginning of the dry season than for patches deposited at the beginning of the wet season (0.73 vs. 1.50 g/day-1 on a dry weight basis). A strong linear relationship was found between dung removal and soil accumulation at the original soil surface, with an average of 2.0 g soil accumulated for every gram of dung which was removed. This relationship was not affected by deposition season. The lack of a seasonal difference, along with the relatively low decomposition rates during the wet season, were explained by the dominance of termites in the dung patches throughout the year. Evidence of dung beetle activity was never recorded during the dry season and was found in only 18 of the 45 dung patches recovered during the wet season. 相似文献
40.
An experiment has been carried out to evaluate the influence of different soil conditioners on the physical and chemical properties of the soil and to compare the relative effectiveness of these conditioners in protecting the soil surface against water erosion with organic surface mulching.The results indicated that the physical conditions were highly affected by the different treatments, whereas practically no changes in the chemical status of the soil could be observed.After 2 years, total porosity and infiltration rate were highest in the organic mulch treatment.Surface treatment with organic material and chemical conditioning with bitumen and polyacrylamide had a positive influence on soil aggregation and therefore on water erosion control.Very high soil temperatures as compared to the other treatments were recorded for the soil with bitumen treatment when the solar radiation was high.Mulching and treating the soil surface with bitumen result in higher yields of cowpea and maize. 相似文献