乌干达林业发展概况与林业管理体系

位于非洲东部的乌干达是初级林产品生产国, 原木是其主要林产品。文中通过查阅相关文献资料, 对乌干达的林业管理体系进行了梳理和分析, 概述了乌干达森林资源和林产品贸易状况, 重点介绍了乌干达林业管理机构与林业相关政策法规; 在此基础上, 对我国林业企业参与乌干达森林资源合作开发与利用提出建议。     

Influences of U Sources and Forms on Its Bioaccumulation in Indian Mustard and Sunflower

Anthropogenic activities, such as ore mining and processing, nuclear power generation, and weapon tests, have generated uranium (U) contamination to soils and waters. The mobility and bioavailability of U are influenced by its sources, speciation, and plant species. Phytoremediation has emerged as an environmentally friendly, cost-effective green technology to remediate radioisotope- and metal-contaminated soils. The main objective of this study was to explore the feasibility using sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) in cleaning up soils with UO₂, UO₃, and UO₂(NO₃)₂. Uranium was found to be bioaccumulated in plant roots more than plant shoots. Uranium uptake by both plant species was significantly higher from the UO₃- and uranyl-contaminated soils than from UO₂-contaminated soils. UO₃- and UO₂(NO₃)₂-contaminated soils showed higher exchangeable, weak acid extractable, and labile U than the UO₂-contaminated soils. After a growing season, three U forms decreased as redistribution/transformation of U resulted in U species with lower extractability. This study indicates the importance of U speciation in soil with regard to the potential use of sunflower and Indian mustard for phytoremediation of U-contaminated soils.     

1980—2010年安徽省耕地表层土壤养分变化特征

本研究利用安徽省第二次土壤普查数据和2010—2011年土壤调查数据,运用统计方法从省级和县级两个尺度研究1980—2010年安徽省耕地表层(0 ~ 20 cm)土壤有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)和全钾(TK)等养分含量的变化特征。结果表明,1980—2010年全省耕地土壤养分变化趋势不同,SOM平均含量由20.65 ± 11.78 g/kg增加到23.30 ± 8.81 g/kg,TP平均含量由0.58 ± 0.43 g/kg增加到0.71 ± 0.29 g/kg,TN含量总体保持不变,TK平均含量由19.00 ± 5.33 g/kg减少到14.28 ± 3.27 g/kg,四种养分含量的变异程度均降低。从养分含量的等级分布来看,全省耕地肥力总体上提高,SOM、TP和TN的高值比例均有不同程度的增加,TP含量的等级提升较大。在空间上,不同土地利用和地理区域的养分含量变化差异较大。淮北平原和沿江平原的SOM和TN含量增加较多,淮北平原和皖南丘陵区TP含量增加较多,各地理区域TK含量减少程度相似。三个典型县土壤养分变化趋势与全省变化趋势一致,除TK含量减少外其余养分含量均有不同程度的增加。典型县耕地土壤养分变化与相应的地理区域养分变化趋势基本一致。     

微生物降解石油源多环芳香烃的研究进展

石油源多环芳香烃是存在于石油中的一类致畸、致癌污染物,具有以低环(2~3环)为主且取代基比例明显高于其他来源PAHs的组分特征。石油泄露引发的PAHs污染,其降解主要依赖于微生物的活动。本文对能够降解PAHs的微生物种类、降解机理、代谢途径及编码基因进行了概述。从PAHs作为碳源的角度将微生物降解机理划分为能以PAHs为唯一碳源进行生长的降解机理和共代谢机理。对与PAHs有关的好氧和厌氧微生物降解途径及对应的编码基因簇进行了总结。自然界中细菌、放线菌、真菌及藻类都能够降解PAHs,由加氧酶催化的苯环羟基化和还原酶介导的苯环脱芳烃化是好氧和厌氧降解途径的关键步骤,与降解有关的pca,cat,paa,nah,nah-like和bcr基因簇则分别调控好氧和厌氧降解过程。这些进展有助于系统了解石油源PAHs的降解过程、微生物作用机理和分子遗传机制,为进一步利用微生物促进环境生物修复提供理论依据。     

近30年湟水流域土壤全氮时空变异及影响因素

基于湟水流域1985年第二次土壤普查的45个剖面数据和2015年土壤调查的61个剖面数据,采用统计和地统计学法,分析了流域0~15 cm和15~30 cm土层近30年全氮(TN)的时空变异及影响因素。结果表明:从1985年至2015年,0~15 cm和15~30 cm层TN均值分别由1.33 g kg-1和1.15 g kg-1升高至2.25 g kg-1和2.08 g kg-1,增幅为69.20%和80.87%;近30年来,湟水流域0~15 cm和15~30 cm土层全氮呈现增加趋势,其中西部、北部、中部以增加为主,东南部以递减为主;空间相关性由强变为中等,1985年TN含量在东西和南北两个方向均呈现先减后增的趋势,2015年则整体呈从东南向西北增加的趋势;气候因子、海拔、土壤质地、土壤类型等自然因素和土地利用、施肥、种植结构以及农业机械化等人为因素共同导致了TN时空分异,人类对土壤养分干预作用表现出增强的趋势。考虑到TN含量存在较大的时空变异,建议建立湟水流域土壤TN含量长期监测点,并对农业氮肥的施用实行分区管理,以保障整个农业流域的可持续发展。     

祁连山区土壤砂粒含量剖面分布模式及其影响因素

祁连山区是西北黑河流域的水源,理解祁连山区土壤颗粒组成的剖面分布模式及其与环境要素之间的关系,有助于进一步定量理解土壤中水、肥、气、热的运移和开展颗粒组成/质地的三维制图。以2012—2013年获取的深度≥1 m的69个代表性土壤剖面为对象,分析了含量变异最大的砂粒的剖面分布模式及其与海拔、坡度、坡向、年均降水、平面曲率、剖面曲率、地形湿度指数、NDVI、土地利用、成土母质等环境变量之间的关系。结果表明:祁连山区砂粒含量的剖面分布模式可分为均一型、递增型、递减型、先增后减型、先减后增型和不规则型六类,但其很难用单一的环境变量来定量预测,其根源在于祁连山区成土母质复杂多样,加上复杂的地貌地形、土地利用等导致母质易发生运移而产生不连续性;对应复杂山区的土壤颗粒剖面分布模式的定量预测,还需从复合环境变量的角度进行深入的探索研究。     

结合多等级代表性采样和模糊隶属度的区域土壤制图方法

High-resolution and detailed regional soil spatial distribution information is increasingly needed for ecological modeling and land resource management. For areas with no point data, regional soil mapping includes two steps: soil sampling and soil mapping. Because sampling over a large area is costly, efficient sampling strategies are required. A multi-grade representative sampling strategy, which designs a small number of representative samples with different representative grades to depict soil spatial variations at different scales,could be a potentially efficient sampling strategy for regional soil mapping. Additionally, a suitable soil mapping approach is needed to map regional soil variations based on a small number of samples. In this study, the multi-grade representative sampling strategy was applied and a fuzzy membership-weighted soil mapping approach was developed to map soil sand percentage and soil organic carbon(SOC) at 0–20 and 20–40 cm depths in a study area of 5 900 km2 in Anhui Province of China. First, geographical sub-areas were delineated using a parent lithology data layer. Next, fuzzy c-means clustering was applied to two climate and four terrain variables in each stratum. The clustering results(environmental cluster chains) were used to locate representative samples. Evaluations based on an independent validation sample set showed that the addition of samples with lower representativeness generally led to a decrease of root mean square error(RMSE). The declining rates of RMSE with the addition of samples slowed down for 20–40 cm depth, but fluctuated for 0–20 cm depth. The predicted SOC maps based on the representative samples exhibited higher accuracy, especially for soil depth 20–40 cm, as compared to those based on legacy soil data. Multi-grade representative sampling could be an effective sampling strategy at a regional scale. This sampling strategy, combined with the fuzzy membership-based mapping approach, could be an optional effective framework for regional soil property mapping. A more detailed and accurate soil parent material map and the addition of environmental variables representing human activities would improve mapping accuracy.     

西北黑河流域土壤pH与CaCO_3相当物含量关系研究

干旱-半干旱地区的石灰性土壤中pH与CaCO_3相当物含量之间有一定关系,但目前黑河流域土壤中pH与CaCO_3相当物含量之间的关系及其影响因素尚不明确。从区域、海拔、土壤母质、土壤类型、土地利用方式五个方面分析了我国西北黑河流域土壤中pH与CaCO_3相当物含量之间的关系。结果表明,黑河流域土壤pH与CaCO_3相当物含量之间存在显著的非线性相关,pH随着CaCO_3相当物含量的增加而逐渐升高,当CaCO_3相当物含量升高到某一阈值后,pH增幅迅速降低,最终趋于稳定;不同区域、海拔、土纲、成土母质和土地利用方式下,pH与CaCO_3相当物含量之间的相关程度不同,表现为上游土壤pH与CaCO_3含量呈显著正相关,不同的海拔高度区间pH与CaCO_3含量之间具显著正相关,人为土、盐成土、均腐土、雏形土的pH与CaCO_3含量显著正相关,冰碛物、残积-坡积物、湖积物发育的土壤pH与CaCO_3含量具有极显著正相关,土地利用方式对pH与CaCO_3含量的关系影响较小;不同区域、海拔、土纲、成土母质和土地利用方式下,pH与CaCO_3相当物含量的最佳回归模型不同,有幂函数模型、一元二次模型、一元三次模型和线性模型。     

黄芩等六种中草药的体外抑菌试验

应用平板打孔法和试管两倍稀释法检测了本地常见清热型中草药黄芩、青葙子、五色梅、一点红、鸡蛋花、少花龙葵等对沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌的抑制作用。结果表明:沙门氏菌对黄芩、一点红和鸡蛋花呈高度敏感,最小抑菌浓度在1/40～1/10之间;对少花龙葵呈中度敏感,最小抑菌浓度为大于1/10;而对青葙子和五色梅不敏感。大肠杆菌K88对黄芩、一点红、鸡蛋花和少花龙葵都呈高度敏感,黄芩和鸡蛋花的最小抑菌浓度在1/20～1/10;一点红和少花龙葵大于1/10;对青葙子和五色梅不敏感。大肠杆菌26和大肠杆菌40除对黄芩呈高度敏感外,对其他5种中草药均不敏感。     

真菌酶和β-淀粉酶在麦芽糖浆生产中的应用

以酶法液化淀粉液化液为底物,考察加酶量、不同酶制剂组合对糖浆组分及糖浆过滤速度的的影响。结果表明:真菌淀粉酶适宜在生产含量45%～55%的麦芽糖浆中的应用;真菌淀粉酶与β-淀粉酶协同作用适宜在生产含量50%～55%的麦芽糖浆中的应用;β-淀粉酶与普鲁兰酶协同作用适宜在生产含量55%～65%的高麦芽糖浆中的应用。