青藏高原几种嵩草的生物量及其幼苗生长发育的初步研究

研究了青藏高原４种嵩草属植物的枝条发育状况，生物量积累特征以及３种嵩草幼苗的生长发良规律。结果表明；各嵩草营养枝条的季节变化有两个高峰期，而线叶蒿草的生殖枝有一个明显的高峰期，其它嵩草无高期峰。     

Distribution and characterization of class 1 integrons in Salmonella enterica serotype Gallinarum biotype Gallinarum

Fowl typhoid caused by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Gallinarum biotype Gallinarum is the most important chicken disease in Korea. Due to appearance of new or multiple antibiotics resistances in the recently isolated strains, it was difficult to control the disease using antibiotics in our country. Therefore, the prevalence and genetic contents of class 1 integrons in biotype Gallinarum isolated between 1992 and 2001 were investigated by PCR and direct sequencing, respectively. Out of 90 strains, 35 (39%) carried class 1 integrons. The 1.0, 1.6 and 2.0kbp amplicons were amplified in 32 strains (36%), 2 strains (2%) and 1 strain (1%), respectively. The 1.0, 1.6 and 2.0 kbp amplicons contained one (aadA1a), two (aadB-aadA1b) and three cassettes (dhfrXII-orfF-aadA2), respectively, providing resistances against aminoglycosides (aadA1a, aadA1b, aadB, and aadA2) and trimethoprim (dhfrXII). The integron-carrying strains of biotype Gallinarum appeared in 1996 and acquired additional cassettes in 2000. Although the resistances to ampicillin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol are unrelated to class 1 integrons, relatively high prevalence of integron in biotype Gallinarum may be a dormant threat to the chemotherapy of the disease in the near future because of potency to acquire additional antibiotics resistances.     

贮藏条件对脱脂乳粉非酶褐变的影响研究

对脱脂乳粉在不同贮藏条件下（温度、水分活度、贮藏时间）的非酶褐变进行了实验研究，同时对贮藏温度T与脱脂乳粉玻璃化转变温度Tg的差值（T—T曲与非酶褐变指数之间的关系进行了探讨。结果表明：在较低的（T—T曲时脱脂乳粉的非酶褐变指数较小，但随着（T—T曲的增加，非酶褐变指数会迅速增加。随着贮藏温度的升高及水分活度的增加，脱脂乳粉的非酶褐变指数增大。贮藏时间对脱脂乳粉的影响很快会趋于平缓。     

Comparison of the cardiopulmonary effects of anesthesia maintained by continuous infusion of romifidine,guaifenesin, and ketamine with anesthesia maintained by inhalation of halothane in horses

OBJECTIVE: To compare cardiopulmonary responses during anesthesia maintained with halothane and responses during anesthesia maintained by use of a total intravenous anesthetic (TIVA) regimen in horses. ANIMALS: 7 healthy adult horses (1 female, 6 geldings). PROCEDURE: Each horse was anesthetized twice. Romifidine was administered IV, and anesthesia was induced by IV administration of ketamine. Anesthesia was maintained for 75 minutes by administration of halothane (HA) or IV infusion of romifidine, guaifenesin, and ketamine (TIVA). The order for TIVA or HA was randomized. Cardiopulmonary variables were measured 40, 60, and 75 minutes after the start of HA orTIVA. RESULTS: Systolic, diastolic, and mean carotid arterial pressures, velocity time integral, and peak acceleration of aortic blood flow were greater, and systolic, diastolic, and mean pulmonary arterial pressure were lower at all time points for TIVA than for HA. Pre-ejection period was shorter and ejection time was longer for TIVA than for HA. Heart rate was greater for HA at 60 minutes. Minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation were greater and inspiratory time was longer for TIVA than for HA at 75 minutes. The PaCO2 was higher at 60 and 75 minutes for HA than forTIVA. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Horses receiving a constant-rate infusion of romifidine, guaifenesin, and ketamine maintained higher arterial blood pressures than when they were administered HA. There was some indication that left ventricular function may be better during TIVA, but influences of preload and afterload on measured variables could account for some of these differences.     

发达国家牛结核病根除计划的法律要点分析

完善有效的法规体系,是美、欧、澳根除牛结核病等动物疫病的基础保障。其要点主要包括：健全法律制度,强化财政支持,减少利益方抵触行为;规范检测方法,对屠宰牛进行全部检疫;对阳性牛实施严格追溯制度,并分类实施标识制度;建立病牛扑杀的基本标准,选择性采取扑杀措施;推行区域化管理制度,建立差异性市场准入标准;实施野生动物隔离及监测制度,防止野生动物向家养动物传播疫情;强化利益方的宣传教育,营建群防群控氛围。这些策略和措施,对我国健全结核病防治策略具有一定借鉴意义。     

中国与俄罗斯奶业合作分析

通过对俄罗斯奶业发展的资源环境分析,梳理了俄罗斯奶牛养殖、生鲜乳销售、乳制品加工与贸易的历史发展脉络,研判其未来发展前景。结果认为,俄罗斯奶业在国家政策扶持下,生产结构不断调整优化,未来发展空间广阔,特别是远东地区将会是俄罗斯奶业发展新的着力点。进一步对中俄两国在奶业生产领域的合作情况进行了态势分析（SWOT分析）,从总体上看,中俄两国奶业合作的机遇与挑战并存,但基于两国在奶业生产合作上的共同利益,及双方政府政策有力支持的基础上,中俄两国继续深化奶业务实合作,实现互利共赢的前景广阔。     

Using an independent quality control software program, EZ Runs, to monitor quality control procedures for a bench-top coagulation analyzer

BACKGROUND: Comprehensive quality control (QC) procedures are necessary to ensure accurate analytic method performance. Highly automated systems typically have inherent QC programs that facilitate performance and maintenance of QC procedures; however, for bench-top analyzers that lack internal systems, independent QC programs must be used. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to evaluate the adaptability of an independent QC program, EZ Runs (Westgard QC Inc, Madison, WI, USA), to the maintenance of QC procedures for a mechanical, bench-top coagulation unit and to compare the results with our current, manual, QC method in a qualitative way. METHODS: A QC application file for activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) performed on a STart4 (Diagnostica Stago, Parsippany, NJ) was created in EZ Runs. Results were recorded and interpreted using this software package as well as the current, manual, QC method. RESULTS: EZ Runs was adaptable to QC monitoring for the bench-top analyzer, and the program permitted identification of both random and systematic errors not detected by the manual QC system. CONCLUSIONS: EZ Runs improved the performance and maintenance of QC procedures for this bench-top coagulation analyzer. The results indicated the need to improve staff training in assay performance and QC interpretation. In addition, use of the software program indicated that a multirule QC design was needed to monitor assay performance.     

DNA Immunization Against Very Virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Virus with VP2‐4‐3 Gene and Chicken IL‐6 Gene

The present study was to investigate the feasibility and efficiency of the DNA vaccine to protect chickens against very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) infection. A plasmid DNA carrying VP2‐4‐3 genes of vvIBDV SH95 and a plasmid DNA carrying chicken interleukin‐6 (ChIL‐6) genes were constructed and designated as pALTER‐MAX‐VP2‐4‐3 and pALTER‐MAX‐ChIL‐6 respectively. Several DNA vaccination experiments were performed: 1‐week‐old chickens were intramuscularly injected with only plasmid pcDNA3‐VP2, pALTER‐MAX‐VP2‐4‐3 or mixture with pALTER‐MAX‐ChIL‐6. The chickens at 4 weeks old were orally inoculated with vvIBDV SH95. The results showed that immunization with the mixture of pALTER‐MAX‐VP2‐4‐3 and pALTER‐MAX‐ChIL‐6 three times conferred protection for 90% of chickens. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibody titres in chickens immunized together with pALTER‐MAX‐ChIL‐6 were higher than those immunized simply with plasmid pcDNA3‐VP2 or pALTER‐MAX‐VP2‐4‐3. IBDV was not detected in the bursa of the protected chickens at 8 days after challenge by RT‐PCR. The results indicate that protection against vvIBDV can be achieved by using the VP2‐4‐3 gene of vvIBDV as a DNA vaccine. Furthermore, the simultaneous injection of ChIL‐6 plasmid significantly increased the protection after challenge with the very virulent strain.     

Comparative study on calretinin immunoreactivity in gerbil and rat retina

Expression of calretinin in retina has been ascribed to multiple biological and functional aspects in the visual system. In this study, we examined the distribution patterns of calretinin immunoreactivity in gerbil and rat retina. In the gerbil, calretinin immunoreactivity was present in bipolar and amacrine cells of the inner nuclear layer and in neurones of the ganglion cell layer. In the rat, amacrine and ganglion cells showed calretinin immunoreactivity, but bipolar cells did not contain calretinin immunoreactivity. In both species, calretinin immunoreactivity was absent in cones, cone bipolars, and horizontal cells. In conclusion, gerbil as well as rat has a rod-dominant retina. The differences in calretinin expression between rat and gerbil require further investigations under various functional and developmental conditions.     

辽宁省建昌县新型布鲁氏菌病免疫技术调研

布鲁氏菌病(简称布病)是一种危害严重的人兽共患病。近几年,随着畜牧业的发展和动物的频繁调运,我国布病防控形势日益严峻。疫苗免疫是我国布病一类地区控制该病的主要方法,但由于现有布病疫苗对人有一定的致病性,导致部分地区免疫实施效果不能有效保障。辽宁省葫芦岛市建昌县通过多年实践,创新了一种经阴道途径免疫S2疫苗的新型布病免疫技术。该技术对羊免疫安全性高、抗体阳转率高,抗体持续期长于经口途径免疫。该免疫技术在辽宁省建昌县和葫芦岛市其他地区推广使用后,取得了较好的免疫保护效果,并有效降低了人间的布病感染率,是我国其他一类地区可参考的一种布病免疫新技术。