5种入侵植物提取物对2种芒果病原真菌的抑制作用

以马缨丹(Lantana camara Linn.)、薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha Kunth.)、含羞草(Mimosa pudica Linn.)、假臭草(Praxelis clematidea Cassini.)和三裂叶蟛蜞菊(Wedelia trilobata(L.)Hitchc.)为材料,采用菌丝生长速率法研究这5种入侵植物乙醇提取物对芒果炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides和蒂腐菌Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat的抑菌活性,并利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术分析假臭草的主要抑菌物质。菌丝生长速率法的实验结果表明:5种入侵植物提取液对2种病原真菌均具有抑菌活性,且抑菌效果随浓度的增加而增强;其中马缨丹提取物对蒂腐菌抑制效果最好,其EC50为10.39 g·L~(-1),假臭草提取液对炭疽菌和蒂腐菌均有较强的抑菌效果,EC_(50)分别为14.70 g·L~(-1)和14.77 g·L~(-1)。采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用法分析鉴定了假臭草提取物中的14种化学成分,其中4,5,6,7-四甲氧基黄酮、熊果苷和1,2,4-环己三醇这3种物质占总含量的81.85%。     

空心村废弃宅基地复垦策略

废弃宅基地复垦是空心村整治的重要内容,而复垦后耕层土壤质量往往不如人意。笔者以提高废弃宅基地复垦耕层质量为目标,从复垦方向的确定、拆除工程的实施、田块设计、耕层土壤工程重构、培肥改良5 个方面对复垦策略进行优化,提出废弃宅基地复垦包括耕层土壤工程重构和肥力重构两个重要步骤,并对废弃宅基地耕层土壤快速培肥进行了探讨。     

No consistent daily variation in DNA methylation detected in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus nigra</Emphasis> leaves by methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism analysis

DNA methylation, an epigenetic mechanism used by cells to control gene expression, has an important biological role in plant development and environmental fitness. Since plant DNA methylation is closely related to environmental conditions, variation during the day is expected. Here, in genetically identical plants of Populus nigra clone N46, DNA methylation changes in leaves over a 24 h period were detected using the methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism method. The results showed different DNA methylation patterns in mature poplar leaves: not only in individuals at the same time, but also in samples at each of the six time during the day. In addition, night samples had a higher percentage of methylation than in morning samples. However, no statistically significant differences were found among the samples gathered at different times. Similar results were obtained for three other P. nigra clones with different genetic backgrounds. Real time qPCR showed that the DNA methyltransferase genes Pt-MET1 and Pt-SOM1 involved in CG DNA methylation in poplar were stable over a 24 h period in leaves of P. nigra N46 compared with circadian-controlled genes. That could be part of the reason that methylation of CCGG sites is stable in those leaves. That DNA methylation differed even in genetically identical plants indicates the specificity of DNA methylation changes in their genomes. No statistically significant differences in methylation changes were found between day and night, suggesting that DNA methylation is more stable than expected and is unlikely to be involved in circadian regulation in plants.     

县域农田土壤铜、锌、铬含量空间变异特征及其影响因子分析

【目的】研究县域农田土壤重金属空间变异特征及影响因子,可为保护农田环境质量提供有效信息。【方法】本研究利用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法,对四川省双流县623个土样铜、锌、铬含量空间结构、分布特征进行分析,并在此基础上对其影响因子进行了探讨。【结果】(1)农田土壤铜、锌、铬含量属于中等变异强度,其最大值与最小值之间的差异明显;(2)土壤铜、锌、铬含量的空间相关距离分别为28281、45613、45892m,且具有中等程度的空间自相关性,其空间变异受结构性和随机性因子的共同影响。【结论】普通Kriging插值表明,土壤铜、锌、铬含量的空间分布趋势较为接近,高值区主要集中在县境内西北部。影响因子分析表明,土壤铜含量在不同地形条件下呈极显著差异;成土母质对铜和锌含量空间变异有重要影响;有机肥使用量是影响土壤铜、锌、铬含量空间变异的重要因子;社会经济条件中,农业基础条件和化肥使用量对土壤铜、锌、铬含量空间变异的影响程度最高。     

静电场对三角梅插穗生根及几种生理生化指标的影响

在三角梅种苗智能化快繁中,设置0、30、60、90 kV/cm四种静电场处理,探讨对三角梅插穗生根及生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:三角梅插穗生根期间,在0～60 kV/cm静电场范围内插穗的成活率、根系活力、根鲜重、可溶性糖含量、POD酶活性随着电场强度的增强而提高,其中在不定根诱导期插穗的吲哚乙酸氧化酶活性也随着电场强度的增强而提高。90 kV/cm静电场处理插穗的成活率、根系活力、可溶性糖含量、POD酶活性、吲哚乙酸氧化酶活性反而下降;30～90 kV/cm静电场处理插穗的可溶性蛋白含量均高于对照,且随着电场强度的增强而增加。方差分析表明,60 kV/cm静电场处理生物学效应好,其成活率、根系活力、根鲜重均显著高于对照,是三角梅插穗生根的最佳静电场处理;90 kV/cm电场处理不利于三角梅插穗生根及生理生化代谢,说明了静电场对三角梅插穗生根及生理生化的影响存在着电场极限。     

海南岛18种野生蔬菜的成分测定及质量安全和价值分析

采集海南省琼中、五指山、保亭、乐东等市县的18种野生蔬菜样品,对其产地环境、制样方法及品种重金属含量差别等进行分析,用国家标准方法测试了样品中重金属和营养成分的含量,并依照有关标准,对试验样本的质量安全和营养价值进行分析。结果表明,所采野生蔬菜样品的产地环境相关技术指标达到无公害蔬菜产地环境标准要求。除枸杞菜(Lycium chinense)铬含量超标外,其余样品重金属含量均低于国家限量标准,有67%的样品重金属指标低于农产品安全质量无公害蔬菜安全要求。所测试的18个野生蔬菜样品营养成分较为丰富,个别野生蔬菜的营养成分指标高于普通蔬菜。     

High performance flame-retardant composite yarns with oxidized fiber

This study employed a SKF draft system equipped with an additional spreading device to form a high performance flame-retardant composite yarn. For mixing the spread Technora® filaments and Stretch-Broken oxidized fibers, nip of the front rollers was arranged for best dispersion. The yarn unevenness (CV %), strength, abrasion-resistance, and Limited Oxygen Index (LOI) of the composite yarn were evaluated. The cross-sections of the actual composite yarn were observed to assess its structure and the effect on yarn performance. The experimental results showed that the yarn CV% is worse as the yarn count (Tex) tend to be finer. This would be an optimum condition adopting 30 TM for the yarn evenness and yarn strength. After abrasion test, the residual strength of composite yarns remains above 80 %. The LOI value depends on the coverage degree of oxidized fiber outside the yarn surface, and there tended to be a lower LOI value with finer yarn count (Tex). Overall, the T/O composite yarn with uniform distribution structure can provide high performance and flame-retardancy.     

Excavatoids O and P, new 12-hydroxybriaranes from the octocoral Briareum excavatum

Two new 12-hydroxybriarane diterpenoids, designated as excavatoids O (1) and P (2), were isolated from the octocoral Briareum excavatum. The structures of briaranes 1 and 2 were established on the basis of extensive spectral data analysis. Excavatoid P (2) is the first metabolite which possesses a 6β -chlorine atom in briarane analogues.     

免疫吸附PCR技术提高梨火疫病菌检测灵敏度

本研究采用已经发表的引物和制备的梨火疫病菌抗血清,研制了免疫吸附-PCR技术,使其检测梨火疫病菌纯菌的灵敏度比标准PCR技术提高10倍;检测模拟样品中的梨火疫病菌灵敏度提高了1000倍;从相关混合菌液中能够更加灵敏和准确地检测出梨火疫病菌.该方法简单易行,准确灵敏,具有广阔的应用前景.     

水稻与中国传统社会晚期的政治、经济、技术与环境

本文主要论述水稻是明清以后中国社会的主要食物依赖,唐宋以来经济重心向南方转移,由水稻作为主体的农业在其中扮演重要角色,美洲作物传入中国以后,没有改变水稻在其中所占的主体地位。作者认为,水稻对中国传统社会后期的各个方面产生重要的影响,包括正面和负面两个方面,涉及经济结构、技术进步、环境变化、文化特征等多个方面。其正面作用主要是养活了大量人口,成为多熟种植的主体作物,使得江南稻作产区成为经济与文化中心,促成了稻鱼共生系统的发展与梯田农业的演进;与此同时,水稻生产的特殊原因与其它因素共同作用,又限制了工具,特别是犁的进步,此外,还因为挤占了洪水泄洪的空间,促成了南方雨季洪灾的发生。