不同质地土壤玉米秸秆还田配施腐熟剂效应的研究

为研究鉴选不同质地土壤秸秆还田适宜的秸秆腐熟剂,于2017—2018年在西辽河平原灌区中壤土和砂壤土秸秆还田配施人元腐熟剂和中农绿康腐熟剂,以秸秆还田不施腐熟剂为对照,共设置6个处理,测定玉米秸秆腐解率、玉米产量、玉米根系特性和土壤化学性状,研究不同秸秆腐熟剂对玉米产量及土壤特性的影响。结果表明:不同质地土壤2种腐熟剂秸秆腐解率间无显著差异;中壤土2年各处理玉米产量及根系特性、土壤化学性状均表现为人元腐熟剂中农绿康腐熟剂秸秆还田不施腐熟剂,且中农绿康腐熟剂和人元腐熟剂显著高于秸秆还田不施腐熟剂,而2种腐熟剂处理之间无显著差异;砂壤土2年各处理玉米产量及根系特性、土壤化学性状均表现为中农绿康腐熟剂人元腐熟剂秸秆还田不施腐熟剂,且中农绿康腐熟剂显著高于人元腐熟剂和秸秆还田不施腐熟剂。2年不同质地土壤中配施腐熟剂在根系特性、土壤化学性状方面表现为砂壤土配施中农绿康腐熟剂效果优于人元腐熟剂,而中壤土配施2种腐熟剂效果无显著性差异。     

秸秆还田对连作玉米田土壤微生物学特性的影响

以冷凉地区玉米秸秆还田土壤为研究对象,在大田条件下设玉米秸秆不还田(CK)、玉米秸秆旋耕还田(XG)和深翻还田(SF)3个处理,经过两年田间定位试验,分析短期秸秆还田对连作玉米田土壤微生物学特性的影响。结果表明,秸秆旋耕还田和深翻还田显著提高0~30 cm土壤酶活性及土壤细菌多样性,秸秆旋耕还田可提高耕层(0~30 cm)土壤细菌多样性,秸秆深翻还田可提高耕层(11~30 cm)土壤细菌多样性。秸秆深翻还田土壤中富含功能微生物,可作为筛选功能微生物的样品。     

动态调节人工乳粘稠度和营养成分饲喂无菌大鼠效果研究

根据无菌大鼠乳鼠吮吸乳汁的规律,建立一套新的人工哺乳(AR)无菌乳鼠的方法.设计并配制6种适合不同日龄乳鼠的人工乳(LWF),并测定人工乳主要的营养成分含量和粘稠度等.无菌剖腹产术得到30只无菌乳鼠,采用吮吸法饲喂乳鼠至21日龄断乳,以30只代乳母鼠哺乳(MR)的乳鼠为对照,每日称量乳鼠体重,观察生长发育情况,计算离乳时乳鼠的生存率,检查8对100日龄以上AR无菌大鼠的生育能力.6种人工乳除LWF-6外,其余人工乳的蛋白质、脂肪、糖类、灰分、钙、钾、钠、氯、磷的含量、总能量和pH与大鼠乳相似,但这些人工乳的粘稠度不同.从LWF-1至LWF-5,蛋白质、脂肪、糖类的含量、能量和粘稠度不断增加.虽然AR乳鼠的体重增长不如MR乳鼠(2日龄时,P＜0.05;3日龄时,P＜0.01),但其生长发育正常.AR乳鼠的离乳率为73.3%,MR鼠为100%.8对AR无菌大鼠都有生育力.说明采用动态调节人工乳粘稠度和营养成分含量的方法可以用于饲喂无菌乳鼠,并且存活率较高.     

The Control of Reactive Oxygen Species Influences Porcine Oocyte In Vitro Maturation

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of varying intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels during oocyte in vitro maturation with enzymatic ROS production systems (xanthine + xanthine oxidase or xanthine + xanthine oxidase + catalase), scavenger systems (catalase or superoxide dismutase + catalase) or cysteine on porcine oocyte maturation. Oocyte ROS levels showed an increase when H₂O₂ or O₂?^‐ production systems were added to the culture medium (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the presence of ROS scavengers in the maturation medium did not modify oocyte ROS levels compared with the control after 48 h of maturation, but the addition of cysteine induced a decrease in oocyte ROS levels (p < 0.05). The ROS production systems used in this work did not modified the percentage of oocyte nuclear maturation, but increased the decondensation of sperm head (p < 0.05) and decreased the pronuclear formation (p < 0.05). In turn, the addition of O₂?^‐ and H₂O₂ scavenging systems during in vitro maturation did not modify the percentage of oocytes reaching metaphase II nor the oocytes with decondensed sperm head or pronuclei after fertilization. However, both parameters increased in the presence of cysteine (p < 0.05). The exogenous generation of O₂?^‐ and H₂O₂ during oocyte in vitro maturation would not affect nuclear maturation or later sperm penetration, but most of the spermatozoa cannot progress to form the pronuclei after fusion with the oocyte. The decrease in endogenous ROS levels by the addition of cysteine would improve pronuclear formation after sperm penetration.     

陕北毛乌素沙地仁用杏丰产栽培技术体系

针对陕北毛乌素沙地地势较为平埋，光热资源丰富，水资源相对充足，但干旱少雨，降水集中，蒸发量大，风沙危害频繁，土质疏松、漏肥、漏水现象严重等特殊的自然条件，提出了适宜该地区采用的仁用杏丰产栽培技术体系。     

Comparison of the pharmacokinetics and thermal antinociceptive pharmacodynamics of 20 µg kg−1 buprenorphine administered sublingually or intravenously in cats

Little is known about the analgesic action of buprenorphine (BUP) in cats. Relative to man, the cat has a more alkaline oral pH, which may make this an effective route for administering BUP in this species. This study aimed to assess and compare the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sublingual (S‐L) and IV administration of BUP. Thermal threshold (TT) was measured and blood samples were collected following IV or S‐L administration (20 µg kg^?1) of the injectable formulation. Six cats (five spayed females, one castrated male, 4.1–6.6 kg) were used. Each cat received both treatments in a randomized cross‐over study design with 1 month between experiments. Twenty‐four hours prior to each study, the lateral thorax of each of the cats was shaved, cephalic and jugular catheters placed, and oral pH measured. On the day of the study, TT was measured using a ‘thorax‐mounted’ thermal threshold‐testing device specifically developed for cats. The cats were free to move around. Skin temperature was recorded before each test, then the heater activated. When the cat responded by flinching, turning, or jumping, the stimulus was terminated and the threshold temperature was recorded. The thermal threshold cut‐off point was 55.5 °C. Three baseline thresholds were recorded before treatment with S‐L or IV (via cephalic catheter) BUP (20 µg kg^?1). Blood was withdrawn (jugular) at 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60 minutes and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours post‐administration. TT was measured every 30 minutes?6 hours, 1–12 hours, and at 24 hours post‐administration. Plasma was immediately separated, stored at ?20.5 °C, and assayed within 4 months using a commercially available ¹²⁵I radioimmunoassay. Threshold data were analyzed using anova with a repeat factor of time. No adverse effects were noted. Pupils were dilated for up to 9 hours post‐BUP. Behavioral changes were calm euphoria. Measured oral pH was 9 in each cat. Pre‐treatment mean threshold (±SD) was 41.2 ± 0.9 °C in the S‐L group and 40.8 ± 0.85 °C in the IV group. There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to thresholds over time (p = 0.72). Thresholds were significantly increased from 30 to 360 minutes in both the groups (>44.615 °C). Peak plasma BUP (C_max) was lower (11 ± 6.7 ng mL^?1vs. 92.9 ± 107.9 ng mL^?1) and occurred later (T_max) (30 minutes vs. 1 minute) after S‐L compared to IV administration, respectively. BUP (20 µg kg^?1)‐administered S‐L or IV provided antinociception between 30 and 360 minutes after administration. Plasma levels did not correspond to TT.     

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in mainland and sub-Antarctic New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri) populations

AIMS: To investigate the seroprevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri), as a potential contributor to reproductive failure.

METHODS: Archived sera were sourced from New Zealand sea lions from two recolonising mainland populations in the Otago Peninsula (n=15) and Stewart Island (n=12), as well as a declining population at Enderby Island (n=28) in the New Zealand sub-Antarctic. Sera were tested for antibodies to T. gondii using a commercially available ELISA (with samples considered positive if the sample to positive ratio was?>30%), and latex agglutination test (LAT; with titres ≥1:32 considered positive). Western blot analysis was used to validate the results of a subset of 14 samples.

RESULTS: Five samples from sea lions in mainland locations were confirmed positive for antibodies to T. gondii. Two adult females exhibited high LAT antibody titres (min 1:2048, max 1:4096) on both occasions when sampled 1 and 2 years apart, respectively. No animals from Enderby Island were seropositive.

CONCLUSIONS: Toxoplasma gondii infection is unlikely to be a major contributor to poor reproductive success in New Zealand sea lions. However, continued surveillance is pertinent to assess subclinical and clinical impacts of the parasite on these threatened populations. The commercial tests evaluated here, with further species-specific threshold refinement could provide a fast, inexpensive and reliable indicator of T. gondii exposure in New Zealand sea lions.     

Actinobacillus capsulatus peritonitis and chyloabdomen in a Warmblood gelding

Primary peritonitis in horses attributable to Actinobacillus equuli has been reported in Australia, New Zealand and North America. Published reports describe a rapid response to treatment with appropriate antimicrobial and supportive treatment and an excellent prognosis for survival. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of Actinobacillus capsulatus in the horse. The case was complicated by the development of an idiopathic chylous abdominal effusion. The report highlights the importance of molecular methods in the correct identification of bacterial species. Prognosis for horses diagnosed with Actinobacillus peritonitis may be guarded given the atypical response to appropriate antimicrobial treatment in this case.