Der Einfluß verschiedener Schädlingsbekämpfungsmittel auf Eiparasiten der GattungTrichogramma (Hym.,Trichogrammatidae)

Zusammenfassung Um den Einfluß verschiedener Insektizide und Fungizide auf Schlupfwespen der GattungTrichogramma zu prüfen, wurde deren Parasitierungsleistung bei Dauerkontakt mit dem betreffenden Mittel untersucht. Mit unbehandelten Apfelzweigen wurden solche verglichen, die mit den Fungiziden Dithane, Orthozid 50 und Ferbam F 40 bzw. den Insektiziden Ryania, Basudin R, Dipterex, Thiodan oder Metasystox gespritzt waren. Das Alter der Rückstände betrug 0, 24 bzw. 72 Stunden.Alle drei genannten Fungizide reduzierten die Parasitierung in den verschiedenen Varianten erheblich.Das spezifisch gegen Tortriziden wirkende Ryania zeigte praktisch keine toxische Wirkung. Die Anzahl der parasitierten Eier lag entweder gleich hoch wie bei den unbehandelten Kontrollen oder in einem Fall sogar erheblich höher.Die übrigen 4 Insektizide töteten die Schlupfwespen in kurzer Zeit ab, so daß in keinem Fall eine Parasitierung erzielt werden konnte.Noch nicht abgeschlossene Lebensdauerversuche bestätigen die erzielten Ergebnisse.Die Möglichkeiten und Probleme einer gemeinsamen Anwendung vonTrichogramma und Schädlingsbekämpfungsmitteln im Obstbau werden diskutiert.

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Summary To examine the influence of various insecticides and fungicides upon egg-parasites of the genusTrichogramma, their efficiency of parasitization at permanent contact with the concerning pesticide was checked. With untreated applebranches were compared those ones, which were treated with the fungicides Dithane, Orthozid 50 or Ferbam F 40 and the insecticides Ryania, Basudin R, Dipterex, Thiodan or Metasystox resp.All three fungicides reduced the parasitization in the different variations considerably.Ryania, which shows a specific effect against tortricides, had no toxical influence on,Trichogramma.The other four insecticides killed the parasites within a short time, so that in no case a parasitization could be achieved.Investigations concerning the duration of life confirmed the result of the parasitization investigations.The possibilities and problems of a combined application ofTrichogramma and pesticides in apple orchards are discussed.

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Dem Leiter des Instiltutes für Biologische Schädlingsbekämpfung, Herrn ORR. Dr. J. Franz bin ich für wertvolle Hinweise und jederzeitige Hilfe dankbar. — Durchgeführt mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung von Vorratsschädlingen an Früchten einheimischer Bäume und Sträucher

Zusammenfassung In Laboratoriumsuntersuchungen wurde die Eignung von sechs auch im Winter im Freien vorkommenden Wildfrüchten als Entwicklungs- und Fraßmedium für zehn Vorratsschädlinge getestet.Unbeschädigte Früchte von Stieleiche (Quercus robur), Roteiche (Qu. borealis), Roßkastanie (Aesculus hippocastanum) und Buche (Fagus sylvatica) konnten von keiner der geprüften Käfer- und Mottenarten befallen werden.An oder in beschädigten oder geschälten Früchten von Stieleiche und Buche konnten sich jeweils sieben Vorratsschädlinge entwickeln. Am wenigsten waren Hagebutte und Roteichel als Entwicklungsmedium geeignet.Die Schlüpfrate lag fast immer unter der in der Kontrolle. Nur beiSitophilus granarius schlüpften aus Stieleicheln mehr Imagines als aus Kontrollweizen.Das breiteste Nahrungsspektrum hatten im VersuchOryzaephilus surinamensis, Stegobium paniceum, Ephestia kuehniella undPlodia interpunctella mit je 5 der 6 getesteten Wildfrüchte.Die Buchecker bot allgemein die beste Entwicklungsmöglichkeit. Nur die Arten mit Innenbefall (Sitophilus granarius, S. oryzae undSitotroga cerealella) konnten an ihr keine neue Generation aufbauen.Der Einfluß auf die Entwicklungsdauer war je nach Wildfrucht und Schädling sehr unterschiedlich. Am wenigsten wich sie beiEphestia kuehniella von der normalen Dauer (an einem Gemisch aus Haferflocken, Weizenkleie und Glyzerin) ab.Da Vorratsschädlinge relativ häufig im Freiland gefunden werden können, vor allem in der Nähe von Silos und anderen Vorratslagern, ist nicht auszuschließen, daß Wildfrüchte ihnen eine zeitweise Überlebensmöglichkeit bieten und so, wenn auch sicher relativ selten, als Infestationsquelle dienen können.

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Investigations about the development of stored products insects at fruits of indigenous trees and shrubs

In laboratory experiments the suitability of six fruits of indigenous trees and shrubs, which are also available in the field during wintertime, was tested as food and development medium for ten stored products insects.Undamaged fruits of oaks (Quercus robur andQu. borealis), horse chestnuts (Aesculus bippocastanum) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) could not be attacked by any of the tested beetles and moths.Damaged or peeled fruits ofQu. robur andF. sylvatica, however, served as development medium for seven pests. The least fitted substrates were hipberries (Rosa canina) and acorns ofQu. borealis.The number of adults emerging from the wild fruits was normally lower than that from control mediums. An exception was found inSitophilus granarius developing in acorns ofQu. robur. Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Stegobium paniceum, Ephestia kuehniella andPlodia interpunctella had the broadest food spectrum with five fruits each.The beechnut offered the best possibilities for development. Only those insects living inside of seeds (Sitophilus granarius, S. oryzae andSitotroga cerealella) were not able to form a new generation in this fruit.The influence upon the length of the development period was different according to fruit and pest species. The slightest difference, compared with a normal medium (rolled oat, wheat bran and glycerine) was found in the mediterraneum flour moth (E. kuehniella).As stored products insects can be found relatively often in outdoor biotopes, especially in the surrounding of silos or stores, it can not be excluded that fruits of wild plants may offer—at least for a certain period—a possibility for survival. Thus they may act from time to time as a source of infestation.

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Mit 2 Abbildungen und einer Tabelle

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Herrn Prof. Dr.J.M. Franz zum 75. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Estimates of stem wood increments in forest resources: comparison of different approaches in forest inventory: consequences for international reporting: case studyof European forests

Key message

Quality and reliability of forest resource assessments depend on the ability of national forest inventories (NFIs) to supply necessary and high-quality data. Over the last decades and especially since the 1990s, the NFIs in European countries have been rapidly developing. Possibilities for obtaining reliable and accurate data on annual increment from different inventory types were evaluated, and sample-based inventories have been found to be superior to standwise inventories in providing reliable data. Simplified methods may be employed when increment cannot be directly estimated from inventory data.

Context

An increasing intensity of forest resource use requires more accurate, detailed and reliable information, not only on forest area and growing stock but also on forest stand productivity, wood increment and its components.

Aims

The main objectives were to assess the capacities of forest inventories, the methods used for estimation of gross increment and its components and their accuracy and to demonstrate an effective method for estimation of increment when direct inventory methods are not available.

Methods

Data about national forest inventory methods were obtained from 30 responses to a questionnaire, distributed amongst national correspondents of all European countries; reports of COST Actions E43 and FP 1001, databases of Temperate and Boreal Forest Resource Assessment (TBFRA) 2000 and State of Europe’s Forests (SoEF) 2011 were used as well. Analysis and comparison of results from different forest inventories were used for evaluation of data reliability. Relationships between growing stock and gross increment in European forests were also analysed, and corresponding models were proposed.

Results

Seventy-nine percent of European forest area is covered by national forest inventories (NFIs) based on sampling methods and the rest on stand-level inventory and other inventory methods. Data obtained by aggregating standwise data usually underestimate growing stock by 15–20 % and gross increment even more. Almost half of the European forest area (47 %) is monitored using permanent plots, measured twice or more, allowing the estimation of gross increment and its components to be made directly.

Conclusion

Implementation of NFIs based on sampling methods, especially with permanent plots, resulted in an improvement of data quality and in most cases an increase of growing stock and gross increment. The estimation of natural losses is the weakest link in today’s NFIs and in the current assessment of European forest resources. The proposed default values for gross increment and its components is an option to be used in countries not having NFI at all or those which have started it only recently.

     

Tree planting for poverty reduction in less-favoured areas of the Ethiopian highlands

This paper assesses the potential impact of planting of eucalypt trees as a strategy to reduce poverty in a less-favoured area of the highlands of Ethiopia. Results from simulations with a bio-economic model for a less-favoured case study area in the highlands are combined with survey data at community, household and plot level to assess how general the results of the bio-economic model are. Application of the bio-economic model shows clearly that land degradation, population growth, stagnant technology and drought threaten food security. Household welfare and land quality are deteriorating rapidly in the area and interventions are urgently needed to avoid human disaster. Planting of eucalypts on land unsuitable for crop production may substantially increase household incomes if market outlets for trees can be found. Tree planting will not have severe negative effects on food production or land conservation. A policy combining promotion of tree planting and conservation of cropland may achieve win-win benefits in terms of increased household incomes as well as more sustainable land-use. Analysis of survey data from the Amhara Region of Ethiopia reveals that there is a large area of land that is unsuitable for crop production located close to all-weather roads in the less-favoured areas of the region. Few trees have been planted on this type of land up to now. The past policy seems to have discouraged tree planting except on homestead plots that are more suitable for food crops. This paper reports part of the IFPRI/ILRI project ‘Policies for Sustainable Land Management in the East African Highlands’. These two agencies have provided funds and logistical support for the work. The Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs has provided funds for this research in the Amhara Region in Ethiopia. The authors also draw on earlier work funded by Research Council of Norway. Any correspondence should be directed to the first author.     

体重决定猪回肠内的蛋白吸收率

<正>近期伊利诺伊大学的J.A.Almeida博士、 Hans H.Stein博士以及Carsten Pedersen博士联手展开体重对于标准化回肠蛋白质和氨基酸吸收率的影响试验,结论证明,20 kg以下的仔猪回肠对于粗蛋白和氨基酸的吸收率比20~50 kg的育成猪和50~110 kg的育肥猪低。而且同一猪群的不同猪只也表现出吸收率的差异性。例如,在测定的300只仔猪中粗蛋白和氨基酸的吸收率     

Determination of a tissue and sediment threshold for tributyltin to protect prey species of juvenile salmonids listed under the US Endangered Species Act

• 1. The purpose of this report is to determine the concentrations of tributyltin in sediments that would be protective against adverse effects on prey species of salmonids listed under the US Endangered Species Act.
• 2. Two approaches for determining adverse sediment concentrations due to tributyltin (TBT) contamination are presented here. The first is the equilibrium partitioning (EqP) approach, which relies on a sediment‐water partition coefficient and toxicological data for water exposures. The EqP approach utilizes the large water quality database that has been generated over the last two decades for TBT and provides strong evidence for adverse effects at low exposure concentrations.
• 3. The second approach involves determination of a TBT tissue residue that is considered harmful for most species, which is then used to predict the sediment concentration that would likely produce this adverse tissue concentration.
• 4. Both approaches are presented here because they generally support each other but based on the information presented below, and the inherent difficulty in measuring porewater concentrations, the tissue residue approach is the recommended method for determining adverse sediment concentrations.
• 5. Using this analysis, the protective sediment concentration for TBT proposed here is 6000 ng g^?1organic carbon. Direct effects are not expected on salmonids at this sediment concentration because of their relatively short residence time in the estuary, general lack of interaction with sediment, and relatively high metabolic capacity. This concentration may ensure adequate abundance of salmonid prey species; however, it may not be low enough for the protection of sensitive benthic species.

Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Amino acid digestibility of heat damaged distillers dried grains with solubles fed to pigs

The primary objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of heat treatment on the standardized ileal digestibility(SID) of amino acids(AA) in corn distillers dried grains with solubles(DDGS) fed to growing pigs. The second objective was to develop regression equations that may be used to predict the concentration of SID AA in corn DDGS. A source of corn DDGS was divided into 4 batches that were either not autoclaved or autoclaved at130°C for 10, 20, or 30 min. Four diets containing DDGS from each of the 4 batches were formulated with DDGS being the only source of AA and CP in the diets. A N-free diet also was formulated and used to determine the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Ten growing pigs(initial BW: 53.5 ± 3.9 kg) were surgically equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to a replicated 5 × 4 Youden square design with 5 diets and 4 periods in each square. The SID of CP decreased linearly(P 0.05) from 77.9% in non-autoclaved DDGS to 72.1, 66.1, and 68.5% in the DDGS samples that were autoclaved for 10, 20, or 30 min, respectively. The SID of lysine was quadratically reduced(P 0.05) from 66.8% in the non-autoclaved DDGS to 54.9, 55.3, and 51.9% in the DDGS autoclaved for 10, 20, or30 min, respectively. The concentrations of SID Arginine, Histidine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, or Threonine may be best predicted by equations that include the concentration of acid detergent insoluble N in the model(r2= 0.76, 0.68, 0.67, 0.84, 0.76, 0.73, or 0.54, respectively). The concentrations of SID Isoleucine and Valine were predicted(r2= 0.58 and 0.54, respectively) by the Lysine:CP ratio, whereas the concentration of SID Tryptophan was predicted(r2= 0.70) by the analyzed concentration of Tryptophan in DDGS. In conclusion, the SID of AA is decreased as a result of heat damage and the concentration of SID AA in heat-damaged DDGS may be predicted by regression equations developed in this experiment.     

A Modeling Study of the Impact of a Power Plant on Ground-Level Ozone in Relation to its Location: Southwestern Spain as a Case Study

The impact of atmospheric industrial emissions on secondary pollutant formation depends on many factors; one of the most important being the environmental setting in which the industry is located. The environmental setting affects an industry’s impact on ozone levels through both the air mass dispersion (a function of topography and wind patterns) and the emissions of organic volatile compounds (VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NO _x ) in the area. This model-based study shows how the sensitivity of surface ozone changes with the choice of source location. For the analysis, seven points distributed along the Tinto–Guadalquivir Basin (in the Southwestern Iberian Peninsula) were selected. This area is characterized by the close proximity of natural environments and crop fields to cities, roads, and industrial areas with high NO _x emissions. Natural VOC emissions represent more than 60% of the total non-methane volatile organic compounds emitted in the study area. The results reveal that the largest increases in ozone levels are produced when the industry is located both far away from NO _x emission sources and near to biogenic VOC emissions. Furthermore, the highest increases over the hourly and 8-hourly maximums, as well as the highest accumulated daily values, are found in areas characterized by high VOC/NO _x emission ratios and NO _x sensitivity. The study of the recurrent meteorological patterns along with the distribution of chemical indicators of the O₃–NO _x –VOC sensitivity allows the determination of the industry’s geographical impact on ozone levels. This information enables air quality managers to decide the future location of an industry minimizing its impact on smog levels.     

Some remarks on carrot breeding (Daucus carota sativus Hoffm.)

Carrot breeding in the past 150 years has resulted in varieties with high yield, a short growing period, and excellent root colour. Recently, hybrid varieties have demonstrated good uniformity of roots, a quality accepted by most consumers. By contrast, only a few resistant varieties (mainly open-pollinated varieties) are offered by seed companies, most being resistant to Alternaria. Hybrid breeding offers a chance of combining good uniformity and different sources of resistance. Efforts in future breeding should concentrate on the improvement of health and the development of genotypes suitable for cultivation in suboptimal climates and regions, as well as for special applications.