Boulder: A round white multipurpose potato variety

Boulder is a round white selection with medium specific gravity that can be used in both the tablestock and chip-processing markets. The tubers will chip process out-of-the-field and from 10 C storage. The tubers of Boulder are large in size with a low incidence of internal defects. Boulder was tested in Michigan State University trials, the North Central Regional trials, on-farm trials in Michigan and other out-of-state replicated agronomic trials. Under irrigated conditions in Michigan, the yield is similar to or better than Atlantic, but specific gravity is less. Boulder has a full-season vine maturity that is similar to Snowden, but the tubers size early. Based upon our trials, an in-row spacing of less than 25.4 cm to reduce the percentage of oversize tubers is recommended. In simulated bruise tests, Boulder had less blackspot bruising than Atlantic, but was more blackspot susceptible than Onaway. Based upon five years of trials, Boulder has resistance to scab that is greater than Atlantic, but less than Onaway.     

The effect of Psoroptes ovis infestation on ovine epidermal barrier function

Sheep scab is an intensively pruritic, exudative and allergic dermatitis of sheep caused by the ectoparasitic mite Psoroptes ovis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of P. ovis infestation on different components of the ovine epidermal barrier within the first 24 hours post-infestation (hpi). To achieve this, the expression of epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) genes and epidermal barrier proteins, the nature and severity of epidermal pathology and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were evaluated.By 1 hpi a significant dermal polymorphonuclear infiltrate and a significant increase in TEWL with maximal mean TEWL (598.67 g/m²h) were observed. Epidermal pathology involving intra-epidermal pustulation, loss of epidermal architecture and damage to the basement membrane was seen by 3 hpi. Filaggrin and loricrin protein levels in the stratum corneum declined significantly in the first 24 hpi and qPCR validation confirmed the decrease in expression of the key EDC genes involucrin, filaggrin and loricrin observed by microarray analysis, with 5.8-fold, 4.5-fold and 80-fold decreases, respectively by 24 hpi.The present study has demonstrated that early P. ovis infestation disrupts the ovine epidermal barrier causing significant alterations in the expression of critical barrier components, epidermal pathology, and TEWL. Many of these features have also been documented in human and canine atopic dermatitis suggesting that sheep scab may provide a model for the elucidation of events occurring in the early phases of atopic sensitisation.     

Reliability of an injury scoring system for horses

Background

The risk of injuries is of major concern when keeping horses in groups and there is a need for a system to record external injuries in a standardised and simple way. The objective of this study, therefore, was to develop and validate a system for injury recording in horses and to test its reliability and feasibility under field conditions.

Methods

Injuries were classified into five categories according to severity. The scoring system was tested for intra- and inter-observer agreement as well as agreement with a ''golden standard'' (diagnosis established by a veterinarian). The scoring was done by 43 agricultural students who classified 40 photographs presented to them twice in a random order, 10 days apart. Attribute agreement analysis was performed using Kendall''s coefficient of concordance (Kendall''s W), Kendall''s correlation coefficient (Kendall''s τ) and Fleiss'' kappa. The system was also tested on a sample of 100 horses kept in groups where injury location was recorded as well.

Results

Intra-observer agreement showed Kendall''s W ranging from 0.94 to 0.99 and 86% of observers had kappa values above 0.66 (substantial agreement). Inter-observer agreement had an overall Kendall''s W of 0.91 and the mean kappa value was 0.59 (moderate). Agreement for all observers versus the ''golden standard'' had Kendall''s τ of 0.88 and the mean kappa value was 0.66 (substantial). The system was easy to use for trained persons under field conditions. Injuries of the more serious categories were not found in the field trial.

Conclusion

The proposed injury scoring system is easy to learn and use also for people without a veterinary education, it shows high reliability, and it is clinically useful. The injury scoring system could be a valuable tool in future clinical and epidemiological studies.     

Bovine OPU‐Derived Oocytes can be Matured In Vitro for 16–28 h with Similar Developmental Capacity

The aim of this study was to determine the optimal maturation culture period of ovum pick up (OPU)‐derived cumulus oocytes complexes (COCs) in relation to their developmental capacity. Embryo production, embryo cryotolerance, post‐transfer embryonic survival and calf characteristics such as gestation length, birthweight and sex ratio were investigated. This retrospective study covers the analyses of ovum pick up –in vitro production and calving results from a commercial programme that took place between March 1994 and September 2004. Donors were both heifers (of which approximately 90% pregnant) and cows (of which approximately 10% pregnant). Embryo production analyses were based on 7800 OPU sessions conducted from January 1995 until January 1999. Analyses of calving rate were based on 13 468 embryo transfers performed during January 1995 until May 2002. Analyses on calf characteristics were based on 2162 calves born between March 1994 and September 2004. The in vitro maturation culture period ranged from 16 to 28 h. The mean production rate of transferable embryos was 16.5% (1.2 embryos per OPU session). Length of maturation culture period did not affect the production of transferable embryos. Mean calving rate was 40.9% and 38.7% for fresh and frozen/thawed embryos, respectively. Calving rate was not affected by the maturation culture period. Mean birthweight, gestation length and proportion of male calves were 46 kg, 281.9 days and 52.8%, respectively. Maturation culture period did not affect these variables. In conclusion, this study shows that the in vitro maturation culture period within the range of 16–28 h does not affect in vitro embryo production, embryo cryotolerance, post‐transfer embryonic survival and calf characteristics, suggesting that all COC batches collected by OPU on the same day, can be fertilized in one IVF session without a significant loss in the production from oocyte to calf.     

Effects of Developmental Stage, Embryonic Interferon-τ Secretion and Recipient Synchrony on Pregnancy Rate after Transfer of in vitro Produced Bovine Blastocysts

Three separate trials of bovine embryo transfers were performed consisting of 32, 41 and 33 transfers, respectively, to examine the effects of (a) the developmental stage of in vitro‐derived blastocysts, (b) the amount of interferon‐τ (IFN‐τ) they secreted during culture and (c) the cyclic stage of the recipient at the time of transfer on the probability of establishment of pregnancy. One blastocyst was transferred into the ipsilateral uterine horn to the CL. At the time of transfer, blastocysts were classified into one of three developmental stages (early blastocyst, blastocyst and expanded blastocyst) and the cyclic stage of each cow was assessed (?12 h, on time, +12 h, +24 h, >24 h). Prior to the second and third trials, blastocysts were individually cultured for 24 h in 50 μl medium droplets and the IFN‐τ concentration in the droplet was determined. Logistic regression analyses revealed that expanded blastocysts had a significantly higher likelihood of establishing pregnancy (p = 0.009), and that there was a significant interaction with the cyclic stage of the recipient in this group with lower rates of pregnancy resulting from decreasing synchrony with the recipient (p = 0.033). IFN‐τ secretion during culture was significantly higher in expanded blastocysts than in the other two groups (p < 0.05). A significant effect of the pre‐transfer level of IFN‐τ secretion was found only in the ‘Blastocyst’ group where transfer of embryos with lower IFN‐τ production prior to transfer resulted in higher pregnancy rates (p = 0.047). These results demonstrate that IFN‐τ secretion may be a useful tool to predict pregnancy outcome, but only within certain developmental stages.     

Impact of Growth Factors on In Vitro Development of Caprine Oocytes at Pre-antral Stage

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of various growth factors such as the epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) either individually or in association, in the presence of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on the in vitro growth and viability of caprine oocytes at pre-antral stage. Pre-antral follicles were disassociated enzymatically and mechanically from pre-pubertal caprine ovaries after the animals were anaesthetically ovariectomized. Caprine pre-antral follicles in group 1, 2, 3 and 4 were cultured in growth culture medium, growth culture medium + EGF, growth culture medium + IGF-I and growth culture medium + IGF-I + EGF, respectively, for 9 days. The results indicated that EGF (50 mg/l) increased the survival rate of oocytes, but decreased the growth rate of oocytes; IGF-I (100 mg/l) effectively maintained the survival of oocytes and stimulated their growth; IGF-I (100 mg/l) and EGF (50 mg/l) in combination produced a higher effect on both the survival and the growth rate of oocytes than IGF-I or EGF alone. Conclusively, the growth factors can effectively maintain the survival of caprine oocytes from pre-antral follicles and regulate their growth in culture. EGF and IGF-I in association could synergically meliorate the culture system of caprine pre-antral follicles.     

Oxygenation and plasma endothelin‐1 concentrations in healthy horses recovering from isoflurane anaesthesia administered with or without pulse‐delivered inhaled nitric oxide

ObjectiveTo assess oxygenation, ventilation‐perfusion (V/Q) matching and plasma endothelin (ET‐1) concentrations in healthy horses recovering from isoflurane anaesthesia administered with or without pulse‐delivered inhaled nitric oxide (iNO).Study DesignProspective experimental trial.AnimalsHealthy adult Standardbred horses.MethodsHorses were anaesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen and placed in lateral recumbency. Six control (C group) horses were anaesthetized without iNO delivery and six horses received pulse‐delivered iNO (NO group). After 2.5 hours of anaesthesia isoflurane and iNO were abruptly discontinued, inhaled oxygen was reduced from 100% to approximately 30%, and the horses were moved to the recovery stall. At intervals during a 30‐minute period following the discontinuation of anaesthesia, arterial and mixed venous blood gas values, shunt fraction (Qs/Qt), plasma ET‐1 concentration, pulse rate and respiratory rate were measured or calculated. Repeated measures anova and a Bonferroni post hoc test was used to analyze data with significance set at p <0.05.ResultsAt all time points in the recovery period, NO horses maintained better arterial oxygenation (oxygen partial pressure: NO 13.2 ± 2.7–11.1 ± 2.7 versus C 6.7 ± 1.1–7.1 ± 1.1 kPa) and better V/Q matching (Qs/Qt NO 0.23 ± 0.05–0.14 ± 0.06 versus C 0.48 ± 0.03–0.32 ± 0.08%) than C horses. Mixed venous oxygenation was higher in NO for 25 minutes following the discontinuation of anaesthesia (NO 6.3 ± 0.2–4.5 ± 0.07 versus C 4.7 ± 0.6–3.7 ± 0.3 kPa). In both groups of horses arterial oxygenation remained fairly stable; venous oxygenation declined over this time period in the NO group but still remained higher than venous oxygen in the C group. ET‐1 concentrations were higher at most time points in C than NO. Changes in other parameters were either minor or absent.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceDelivery of iNO to healthy horses during anaesthesia results in better arterial and venous oxygenation and V/Q matching (as determined by lower Qs/Qt) and lower ET‐1 concentrations throughout a 30‐minute anaesthetic recovery period.     

Effects of Superovulation with oFSH and Norgestomet/GnRH‐Controlled Release of the LH Surge on Hormone Concentrations,and Yield of Oocytes and Embryos at Specific Developmental Stages

The objective of this study was to evaluate a new superovulation procedure with oFSH after temporary suppression of the endogenous LH surge by norgestomet followed by administration of GnRH, to collect bovine oocytes and embryos at specific developmental stages. Since 1999, our research group applies this superovulation procedure with controlled release of the endogenous LH surge. The objective of this study is to verify if this procedure is reliable for collection of oocytes and embryos at specific time points of development and if it produces a sufficient number of both oocytes and embryos of good quality. This procedure was validated regarding to hormonal characteristics, superovulatory response and both oocyte and embryo yield at different times of in vivo development. The results demonstrate that the procedure used to control the occurrence of the pre‐ovulatory LH surge was effective in 92% of the animals (n = 238) and even in 99% of the animals the oocytes and embryos were collected at the intended stage of development. The superovulatory response and both oocyte, embryo yield and quality were similar to the average yield in Europe reported by Association Européenne de transfert embryonnaire (AETE). In conclusion, this superovulation procedure provides a valid tool to collect oocytes and embryos at specific time points of development.     

Differential Rotation and Dynamics of the Solar Interior

Splitting of the sun's global oscillation frequencies by large-scale flows can be used to investigate how rotation varies with radius and latitude within the solar interior. The nearly uninterrupted observations by the Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) yield oscillation power spectra with high duty cycles and high signal-to-noise ratios. Frequency splittings derived from GONG observations confirm that the variation of rotation rate with latitude seen at the surface carries through much of the convection zone, at the base of which is an adjustment layer leading to latitudinally independent rotation at greater depths. A distinctive shear layer just below the surface is discernible at low to mid-latitudes.